Les forêts tropicales en marge de la certification forestière
Résumé
TROPICAL FORESTS NEGLECTED BY FOREST CERTIFICATION
Forest certification emerged in the early 1990s. Nearly 20 years on, occupying the ground between the standardisation of sustainable forest management
and ecological marketing, the sector is expanding continuously in terms of forest areas certified by two
of the dominant organisations: the Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Graphs and maps processed from statistical data for these two organisations reveal a number of interesting lessons concerning the geography of forest certification. With a total of 193 million hectares of certified forests, the PEFC has overtaken the FSC, with 90 million hectares. Up to 2000, the FSC led the field in forest certification as it built on its pioneering status. The PEFC has now taken over the leading position. Only 1 % PEFC certified forests and 12.7% of FSC-certified forests are in tropical forest areas, which means 13 million
hectares of certified tropical forests making up 4.7 % of all forests certified by these two organisations. These data clearly show that the certification process is dominated by temperate and northern forests, and they reveal the low rate of penetration and even the failure of forest certification in tropical regions, even though their forests are subject to severe economic pressures. Though initially conceived as a way of controlling deforestation in tropical environments, forest certification is paradoxically spreading across
temperate and northern regions while the area of tropical forests continues to shrink, despite an international context characterised by the promotion of sustainable forest management.
Forest certification emerged in the early 1990s. Nearly 20 years on, occupying the ground between the standardisation of sustainable forest management
and ecological marketing, the sector is expanding continuously in terms of forest areas certified by two
of the dominant organisations: the Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Graphs and maps processed from statistical data for these two organisations reveal a number of interesting lessons concerning the geography of forest certification. With a total of 193 million hectares of certified forests, the PEFC has overtaken the FSC, with 90 million hectares. Up to 2000, the FSC led the field in forest certification as it built on its pioneering status. The PEFC has now taken over the leading position. Only 1 % PEFC certified forests and 12.7% of FSC-certified forests are in tropical forest areas, which means 13 million
hectares of certified tropical forests making up 4.7 % of all forests certified by these two organisations. These data clearly show that the certification process is dominated by temperate and northern forests, and they reveal the low rate of penetration and even the failure of forest certification in tropical regions, even though their forests are subject to severe economic pressures. Though initially conceived as a way of controlling deforestation in tropical environments, forest certification is paradoxically spreading across
temperate and northern regions while the area of tropical forests continues to shrink, despite an international context characterised by the promotion of sustainable forest management.
La certification forestière a émergé au début des années 1990. Près de 20 ans après, cette activité, entre normalisation de la gestion forestière durable et marketing écologique, affiche une expansion continue en termes de surfaces forestières certifiées par deux des principaux organismes qui dominent le secteur : le Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC) et le Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Le traitement graphique et cartographique des données statistiques de ces deux organismes permet de tirer quelques enseignements intéressants sur la géographie de la certification forestière. Avec un total de 193 000 000 d'ha de forêts certifiées, le PEFC a pris une avance sur le FSC qui fait état de près de 90 000 000 d'ha de forêts certifiées. Jusqu'en 2000, le FSC a bénéficié de son statut de pionnier pour se positionner comme leader de la certification forestière. Le leadership est aujourd'hui détenu par le PEFC. Seulement 1% des forêts certifiées PEFC et 12,7% des forêts certifiées FSC appartiennent aux forêts tropicales, soit un total de 13 millions d'ha de forêts tropicales qui constituent 4,7% de l'ensemble des forêts certifiées par ces deux organismes. Ces données montrent la très nette prédominance des forêts tempérées et boréales dans le processus de certification et révèlent la faible percée voire l'insuccès de la certification forestière dans les régions tropicales où les forêts sont pourtant soumises à de fortes pressions économiques. Conçue initialement pour lutter contre la déforestation en milieu tropical, la certification forestière s'est paradoxalement répandue en milieu tempéré et boréal alors que la superficie des forêts tropicales continue de se réduire dans un contexte international caractérisé par la promotion de la gestion durable des forêts.
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