Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Anu Mishra , Bin Zhou , Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez , Honor Bixby , Rosie K Singleton , Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco , Kate E Sheffer , Christopher J Paciorek , James E Bennett , Victor Lhoste , Maria L C Iurilli , Mariachiara Di Cesare , James Bentham , Nowell H Phelps , Marisa K Sophiea , Gretchen A Stevens , Goodarz Danaei , Melanie J Cowan , Stefan Savin , Leanne M Riley , Edward W Gregg , Wichai Aekplakorn , Noor Ani Ahmad , Jennifer L Baker , Adela Chirita-Emandi , Farshad Farzadfar , Günther Fink , Mirjam Heinen , Nayu Ikeda , Andre P Kengne , Young-Ho Khang , Tiina Laatikainen , Avula Laxmaiah , Jun Ma , Michele Monroy-Valle , Malay K Mridha , Cristina P Padez , Andrew Reynolds , Maroje Sorić , Gregor Starc , James P Wirth , Leandra Abarca-Gómez , Ziad A Abdeen , Shynar Abdrakhmanova , Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar , Hanan F Abdul Rahim , Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova , Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh , Jamila Abubakar Garba , Benjamin Acosta-Cazares , Ishag Adam , Marzena Adamczyk , Robert J Adams , Seth Adu-Afarwuah , Kaosar Afsana , Shoaib Afzal , Valirie N Agbor , Imelda A Agdeppa , Javad Aghazadeh-Attari , Hassan Aguenaou , Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas , Charles Agyemang , Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad , Ali Ahmadi , Naser Ahmadi , Nastaran Ahmadi , Imran Ahmed , Soheir H Ahmed , Wolfgang Ahrens , Gulmira Aitmurzaeva , Kamel Ajlouni , Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa , Badreya Al-Lahou , Rajaa Al-Raddadi , Huda M Al Hourani , Nawal M Al Qaoud , Monira Alarouj , Fadia Albuhairan , Shahla Aldhukair , Maryam A Aldwairji , Sylvia Alexius , Mohamed M Ali , Abdullah Alkandari , Ala’a Alkerwi , Buthaina M Alkhatib , Kristine Allin , Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol , Eman Aly , Deepak N Amarapurkar , Pilar Amiano Etxezarreta , John Amoah , Norbert Amougou , Philippe Amouyel , Lars Bo Andersen , Sigmund A Anderssen , Odysseas Androutsos , Lars Ängquist , Ranjit Mohan Anjana , Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam , Elena Anufrieva , Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri , Joana Araújo , Inger Ariansen , Tahir Aris , Raphael E Arku , Nimmathota Arlappa , Krishna K Aryal , Nega Aseffa , Thor Aspelund , Felix K Assah , Batyrbek Assembekov , Maria Cecília F. Assunção , May Soe Aung , Juha Auvinen , Mária Avdičová , Shina Avi , Ana Azevedo , Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad , Fereidoun Azizi , Mehrdad Azmin , Bontha V Babu , Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen , Azli Baharudin , Suhad Bahijri , Marta Bakacs , Nagalla Balakrishna , Yulia Balanova , Mohamed Bamoshmoosh , Maciej Banach , José R Banegas , Joanna Baran , Rafał Baran , Carlo M Barbagallo , Valter Barbosa Filho , Alberto Barceló , Maja Baretić , Amina Barkat , Joaquin Barnoya , Lena Barrera , Marta Barreto , Aluisio J D Barros , Mauro Virgílio Gomes Barros , Anna Bartosiewicz , Abdul Basit , Joao Luiz D. Bastos , Iqbal Bata , Anwar M Batieha , Aline P Batista , Rosangela L Batista , Zhamilya Battakova , Louise A Baur , Pascal M Bayauli , Robert Beaglehole , Silvia Bel-Serrat , Antonisamy Belavendra , Habiba Ben Romdhane , Judith Benedics , Mikhail Benet , Gilda Estela Benitez Rolandi , Elling Bere , Ingunn Holden Bergh , Yemane Berhane , Salim Berkinbayev , Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz , Gailute Bernotiene , Ximena Berrios Carrasola , Heloísa Bettiol , Manfred E Beutel , Augustin F Beybey , Jorge Bezerra , Aroor Bhagyalaxmi , Sumit Bharadwaj , Santosh K Bhargava , Hongsheng Bi , Yufang Bi , Daniel Bia , Katia Biasch , Elysée Claude Bika Lele , Mukharram M Bikbov , Bihungum Bista , Dusko J Bjelica , Anne A Bjerregaard , Peter Bjerregaard , Espen Bjertness , Marius B Bjertness , Cecilia Björkelund , Katia V Bloch , Anneke Blokstra , Moran Blychfeld Magnazu , Simona Bo , Martin Bobak , Lynne M Boddy , Bernhard O Boehm , Jolanda M A Boer , Jose G Boggia , Elena Bogova , Carlos P Boissonnet , Stig E Bojesen , Marialaura Bonaccio , Vanina Bongard , Alice Bonilla-Vargas , Matthias Bopp , Herman Borghs , Pascal Bovet , Khadichamo Boymatova , Lien Braeckevelt , Lutgart Braeckman , Marjolijn C E Bragt , Imperia Brajkovich , Francesco Branca , Juergen Breckenkamp , João Breda , Hermann Brenner , Lizzy M Brewster , Garry R Brian , Yajaira Briceño , Lacramioara Brinduse , Miguel Brito , Sinead Brophy , Johannes Brug , Graziella Bruno , Anna Bugge , Frank Buntinx , Marta Buoncristiano , Genc Burazeri , Con Burns , Antonio Cabrera de León , Joseph Cacciottolo , Hui Cai , Roberta B Caixeta , Tilema Cama , Christine Cameron , José Camolas , Günay Can , Ana Paula C. Cândido , Felicia Cañete , Mario V Capanzana , Naděžda Čapková , Eduardo Capuano , Rocco Capuano , Vincenzo Capuano , Marloes Cardol , Viviane C Cardoso , Axel C Carlsson , Esteban Carmuega , Joana Carvalho , José A Casajús , Felipe F Casanueva , Maribel Casas , Ertugrul Celikcan , Laura Censi , Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza , Juraci A Cesar , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Angelique Chan , Queenie Chan , Himanshu K Chaturvedi , Nish Chaturvedi , Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim , Miao Li Chee , Chien-Jen Chen , Fangfang Chen , Huashuai Chen , Shuohua Chen , Zhengming Chen , Ching-Yu Cheng , Yiling J Cheng , Bahman Cheraghian , Angela Chetrit , Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener , Mai J M Chinapaw , Anne Chinnock , Arnaud Chiolero , Shu-Ti Chiou , María-Dolores Chirlaque , Belong Cho , Kaare Christensen , Diego G Christofaro , Jerzy Chudek , Renata Cifkova , Michelle Cilia , Eliza Cinteza , Massimo Cirillo , Frank Claessens , Janine Clarke , Els Clays , Emmanuel Cohen , Laura-María Compañ-Gabucio , Hans Concin , Susana C Confortin , Cyrus Cooper , Tara C Coppinger , Eva Corpeleijn , Lilia Yadira Cortés , Simona Costanzo , Dominique Cottel , Chris Cowell , Cora L Craig , Amelia C Crampin , Amanda J Cross , Ana B Crujeiras , Juan J Cruz , Tamás Csányi , Semánová Csilla , Alexandra M Cucu , Liufu Cui , Felipe V Cureau , Sarah Cuschieri , Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska , Graziella D’arrigo , Eleonora D’orsi , Liliana Dacica , Jean Dallongeville , Albertino Damasceno , Camilla T Damsgaard , Rachel Dankner , Thomas M Dantoft , Parasmani Dasgupta , Saeed Dastgiri , Luc Dauchet , Kairat Davletov , Maria Alice Altenburg de Assis , Guy de Backer , Dirk de Bacquer , Amalia de Curtis , Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig , Giovanni de Gaetano , Stefaan de Henauw , Pilar de Miguel-Etayo , Paula Duarte de Oliveira , David de Ridder , Karin de Ridder , Susanne R de Rooij , Delphine de Smedt , Mohan Deepa , Alexander D Deev , Vincent Degennaro , Hélène Delisle , Francis Delpeuch , Stefaan Demarest , Elaine Dennison , Katarzyna Dereń , Valérie Deschamps , Meghnath Dhimal , Augusto Di Castelnuovo , Juvenal Soares Dias-Da-Costa , María Elena Díaz-Sánchez , Alejandro Diaz , Pedro Díaz Fernández , María Pilar Díez Ripollés , Zivka Dika , Shirin Djalalinia , Visnja Djordjic , Ha T P Do , Annette J Dobson , Liria Dominguez , Maria Benedetta Donati , Chiara Donfrancesco , Guanghui Dong , Yanhui Dong , Silvana P Donoso , Angela Döring , Maria Dorobantu , Ahmad Reza Dorosty , Kouamelan Doua , Nico Dragano , Wojciech Drygas , Jia Li Duan , Charmaine A Duante , Priscilla Duboz , Vesselka L Duleva , Virginija Dulskiene , Samuel C Dumith , Anar Dushpanova , Azhar Dyussupova , Vilnis Dzerve , Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk , Guadalupe Echeverría , Ricky Eddie , Ebrahim Eftekhar , Eruke E Egbagbe , Robert Eggertsen , Sareh Eghtesad , Gabriele Eiben , Ulf Ekelund , Mohammad El-Khateeb , Laila El Ammari , Jalila El Ati , Denise Eldemire-Shearer , Marie Eliasen , Paul Elliott , Ronit Endevelt , Reina Engle-Stone , Rajiv T Erasmus , Raimund Erbel , Cihangir Erem , Gul Ergor , Louise Eriksen , Johan G Eriksson , Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña , Saeid Eslami , Ali Esmaeili , Alun Evans , David Faeh , Ildar Fakhradiyev , Albina A Fakhretdinova , Caroline H Fall , Elnaz Faramarzi , Mojtaba Farjam , Victoria Farrugia Sant’angelo , Mohammad Reza Fattahi , Asher Fawwad , Wafaie W Fawzi , Edit Feigl , Francisco J Felix-Redondo , Trevor S Ferguson , Romulo A Fernandes , Daniel Fernández-Bergés , Daniel Ferrante , Thomas Ferrao , Gerson Ferrari , Marika Ferrari , Marco M Ferrario , Catterina Ferreccio , Haroldo S Ferreira , Eldridge Ferrer , Jean Ferrieres , Thamara Hubler Figueiró , Anna Fijalkowska , Mauro Fisberg , Krista Fischer , Leng Huat Foo , Maria Forsner , Heba M Fouad , Damian K Francis , Maria Do Carmo Franco , Zlatko Fras , Guillermo Frontera , Flavio D Fuchs , Sandra C Fuchs , Isti I Fujiati , Yuki Fujita , Matsuda Fumihiko , Viktoriya Furdela , Takuro Furusawa , Zbigniew Gaciong , Mihai Gafencu , Manuel Galán Cuesta , Andrzej Galbarczyk , Henrike Galenkamp , Daniela Galeone , Myriam Galfo , Fabio Galvano , Jingli Gao , Pei Gao , Manoli Garcia-De-La-Hera , María José García Mérida , Marta García Solano , Dickman Gareta , Sarah P Garnett , Jean-Michel Gaspoz , Magda Gasull , Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya , Anelise Reis Gaya , Andrea Gazzinelli , Ulrike Gehring , Harald Geiger , Johanna M Geleijnse , Ronnie George , Ebrahim Ghaderi , Ali Ghanbari , Erfan Ghasemi , Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea , Alessandro Gialluisi , Simona Giampaoli , Francesco Gianfagna , Christian Gieger , Tiffany K Gill , Jonathan Giovannelli , Glen Gironella , Aleksander Giwercman , Konstantinos Gkiouras , Natalya Glushkova , Natalja Gluškova , Ramesh Godara , Justyna Godos , Sibel Gogen , Marcel Goldberg , David Goltzman , Georgina Gómez , Jesús Humberto Gómez Gómez , Luis F Gomez , Santiago F Gómez , Aleksandra Gomula , Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva , Helen Gonçalves , Mauer Gonçalves , Ana D González-Alvarez , David A Gonzalez-Chica , Esther M González-Gil , Marcela Gonzalez-Gross , Margot González-Leon , Juan P González-Rivas , Clicerio González-Villalpando , María-Elena González-Villalpando , Angel R Gonzalez , Frederic Gottrand , Antonio Pedro Graça , Sidsel Graff-Iversen , Dušan Grafnetter , Aneta Grajda , Maria G Grammatikopoulou , Ronald D Gregor , Maria João Gregório , Else Karin Grøholt , Anders Grøntved , Giuseppe Grosso , Gabriella Gruden , Dongfeng Gu , Viviana Guajardo , Emanuela Gualdi-Russo , Pilar Guallar-Castillón , Andrea Gualtieri , Elias F Gudmundsson , Vilmundur Gudnason , Ramiro Guerrero , Idris Guessous , Andre L Guimaraes , Martin C Gulliford , Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir , Marc J Gunter , Xiu-Hua Guo , Yin Guo , Prakash C Gupta , Rajeev Gupta , Oye Gureje , Enrique Gutiérrez González , Laura Gutierrez , Felix Gutzwiller , Xinyi Gwee , Seongjun Ha , Farzad Hadaegh , Charalambos A Hadjigeorgiou , Rosa Haghshenas , Hamid Hakimi , Jytte Halkjær , Ian R 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Constanta Huidumac Petrescu , Martijn Huisman , Abdullatif Husseini , Chinh Nguyen Huu , Inge Huybrechts , Nahla Hwalla , Jolanda Hyska , Licia Iacoviello , Ellina M Iakupova , Jesús M Ibarluzea , Mohsen M Ibrahim , Norazizah Ibrahim Wong , M. Arfan Ikram , Carmen Iñiguez , Violeta Iotova , Vilma E Irazola , Takafumi Ishida , Godsent C Isiguzo , Muhammad Islam , Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam , Duygu Islek , Ivaila Y Ivanova-Pandourska , Masanori Iwasaki , Tuija Jääskeläinen , Rod T Jackson , Jeremy M Jacobs , Michel Jadoul , Tazeen Jafar , Bakary Jallow , Kenneth James , Kazi M Jamil , Konrad Jamrozik , Anna Jansson , Imre Janszky , Edward Janus , Juel Jarani , Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin , Grazyna Jasienska , Ana Jelaković , Bojan Jelaković , Garry Jennings , Chao Qiang Jiang , Ramon O Jimenez , Karl-Heinz Jöckel , Michel Joffres , Jari J Jokelainen , Jost B Jonas , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Torben Jørgensen , Pradeep Joshi , Josipa Josipović , Farahnaz Joukar , Jacek J Jóźwiak , Debra S Judge , Anne Juolevi , Gregor Jurak , Iulia Jurca Simina , Vesna Juresa , Rudolf Kaaks , Felix O Kaducu , Anthony Kafatos , Mónika Kaj , Eero O Kajantie , Natia Kakutia , Daniela Kállayová , Zhanna Kalmatayeva , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Yves Kameli , Freja B Kampmann , Kodanda R Kanala , Srinivasan Kannan , Efthymios Kapantais , Eva Karaglani , Argyro Karakosta , Line L Kårhus , Khem B Karki , Philippe B Katchunga , Marzieh Katibeh , Joanne Katz , Peter T Katzmarzyk , Jussi Kauhanen , Prabhdeep Kaur , Maryam Kavousi , Gyulli M Kazakbaeva , François F Kaze , Calvin Ke , Ulrich Keil , Lital Keinan Boker , Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , Roya Kelishadi , Cecily Kelleher , Han C G Kemper , Maryam Keramati , Alina Kerimkulova , Mathilde Kersting , Timothy Key , Yousef Saleh Khader , Arsalan Khaledifar , Davood Khalili , Kay-Tee Khaw , Bahareh Kheiri , Motahareh Kheradmand , Alireza Khosravi , Ilse M S L Khouw , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Sophia J Kiechl , Stefan Kiechl , Japhet Killewo , Hyeon Chang Kim , Jeongseon Kim , Jenny M Kindblom , Andrew Kingston , Heidi Klakk , Magdalena Klimek , Jeannette Klimont , Jurate Klumbiene , Michael Knoflach , Bhawesh Koirala , Elin Kolle , Patrick Kolsteren , Jürgen König , Raija Korpelainen , Paul Korrovits , Magdalena Korzycka , Jelena Kos , Seppo Koskinen , Katsuyasu Kouda , Éva Kovács , Viktoria Anna Kovacs , Irina Kovalskys , Sudhir Kowlessur , Slawomir Koziel , Jana Kratenova , Wolfgang Kratzer , Vilma Kriaucioniene , Susi Kriemler , Peter Lund Kristensen , Helena Krizan , Maria F Kroker-Lobos , Steinar Krokstad , Daan Kromhout , Herculina S Kruger , Ruan Kruger , Łukasz Kryst , Ruzena Kubinova , Renata Kuciene , Urho M Kujala , Enisa Kujundzic , Zbigniew Kulaga , Mukhtar Kulimbet , R. Krishna Kumar , Marie Kunešová , Pawel Kurjata , Yadlapalli S Kusuma , Vladimir Kutsenko , Kari Kuulasmaa , Catherine Kyobutungi , Quang Ngoc La , Fatima Zahra Laamiri , Carl Lachat , Karl J Lackner , Youcef Laid , Lachmie Lall , Tai Hing Lam , Maritza Landaeta Jimenez , Edwige Landais , Vera Lanska , Georg Lappas , Bagher Larijani , Simo Pone Larissa , Tint Swe Latt , Martino Laurenzi , Laura Lauria , Maria Lazo-Porras , Gwenaëlle Le Coroller , Khanh Le Nguyen Bao , Agnès Le Port , Tuyen D Le , Jeannette Lee , Jeonghee Lee , Paul H Lee , Nils Lehmann , Terho Lehtimäki , Daniel Lemogoum , Branimir Leskošek , Justyna Leszczak , Katja B Leth-Møller , Gabriel M Leung , Naomi S Levitt , Yanping Li , Merike Liivak , Christa L Lilly , Charlie Lim , Wei-Yen Lim , M. 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Mbanya , Shelly R Mcfarlane , Stephen T Mcgarvey , Martin Mckee , Stela Mclachlan , Rachael M Mclean , Scott B Mclean , Margaret L Mcnairy , Breige A Mcnulty , Sounnia Mediene Benchekor , Jurate Medzioniene , Parinaz Mehdipour , Kirsten Mehlig , Amir Houshang Mehrparvar , Aline Meirhaeghe , Jørgen Meisfjord , Christa Meisinger , Jesus D Melgarejo , Marina Melkumova , João Mello , Fabián Méndez , Carlos O Mendivil , Ana Maria B. Menezes , Geetha R Menon , Gert B M Mensink , Maria Teresa Menzano , Indrapal I Meshram , Diane T Meto , Jie Mi , Kim F Michaelsen , Nathalie Michels , Kairit Mikkel , Karolina Miłkowska , Jody C Miller , Olga Milushkina , Cláudia S Minderico , G K Mini , Juan Francisco Miquel , J. Jaime Miranda , Mohammad Reza Mirjalili , Daphne Mirkopoulou , Erkin Mirrakhimov , Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković , Antonio Mistretta , Veronica Mocanu , Pietro A Modesti , Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam , Bahram Mohajer , Mostafa K Mohamed , Shukri F Mohamed , Kazem Mohammad , Mohammad Reza Mohammadi , Zahra Mohammadi , Noushin Mohammadifard , Reza Mohammadpourhodki , Viswanathan Mohan , Salim Mohanna , Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff , Iraj Mohebbi , Farnam Mohebi , Marie Moitry , Line T Møllehave , Niels C Møller , Dénes Molnár , Amirabbas Momenan , Charles K Mondo , Roger A Montenegro Mendoza , Eric Monterrubio-Flores , Kotsedi Daniel K. Monyeki , Jin Soo Moon , Mahmood Moosazadeh , Hermine T Mopa , Farhad Moradpour , Leila B Moreira , Alain Morejon , Luis A Moreno , Francis Morey , Karen Morgan , Suzanne N Morin , Erik Lykke Mortensen , George Moschonis , Alireza Moslem , Malgorzata Mossakowska , Aya Mostafa , Seyed-Ali Mostafavi , Anabela Mota-Pinto , Jorge Mota , Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh , Jorge Motta , Marcos André Moura-Dos-Santos , Yeva Movsesyan , Kelias P Msyamboza , Thet Thet Mu , Magdalena Muc , Florian Muca , Boban Mugoša , Maria L Muiesan , Martina Müller-Nurasyid , Thomas Münzel , Jaakko Mursu , Elaine M Murtagh , Kamarul Imran Musa , Sanja Musić Milanović , Vera Musil , Geofrey Musinguzi , Muel Telo M. C. Muyer , Iraj Nabipour , Shohreh Naderimagham , Gabriele Nagel , Farid Najafi , Harunobu Nakamura , Hanna Nalecz , Jana Námešná , Ei Ei K. 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Reganit , Valéria Regecová , Jane D P Renner , Judit A Repasy , Cézane P Reuter , Luis Revilla , Abbas Rezaianzadeh , Yeunsook Rho , Lourdes Ribas-Barba , Robespierre Ribeiro , Elio Riboli , Adrian Richter , Fernando Rigo , Attilio Rigotti , Natascia Rinaldo , Tobias F Rinke de Wit , Ana I Rito , Raphael M Ritti-Dias , Juan A Rivera , Reina G Roa , Louise Robinson , Cynthia Robitaille , Romana Roccaldo , Daniela Rodrigues , Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo , María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez , Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar , Andrea Y Rodríguez , Ulla Roggenbuck , Peter Rohloff , Fabian Rohner , Rosalba Rojas-Martinez , Nipa Rojroongwasinkul , Dora Romaguera , Elisabetta L Romeo , Rafaela V Rosario , Annika Rosengren , Ian Rouse , Vanessa Rouzier , Joel G R Roy , Maira H Ruano , Adolfo Rubinstein , Frank J Rühli , Jean-Bernard Ruidavets , Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt , Maria Ruiz-Castell , Emma Ruiz Moreno , Iuliia A Rusakova , Kenisha Russell Jonsson , Paola Russo , Petra Rust , Marcin Rutkowski , Marge Saamel , Charumathi Sabanayagam , Hamideh Sabbaghi , Elena Sacchini , Harshpal S Sachdev , Alireza Sadjadi , Ali Reza Safarpour , Sare Safi , Saeid Safiri , Mohammad Hossien Saghi , Olfa Saidi , Nader Saki , Sanja Šalaj , Benoit Salanave , Eduardo Salazar Martinez , Calogero Saleva , Diego Salmerón , Veikko Salomaa , Jukka T Salonen , Massimo Salvetti , Margarita Samoutian , Jose Sánchez-Abanto , Inés Sánchez Rodríguez , Susana Sans , Loreto Santa Marina , Ethel Santacruz , Diana A Santos , Ina S Santos , Lèlita C Santos , Maria Paula Santos , Osvaldo Santos , Rute Santos , Tamara R Santos , Jouko L Saramies , Luis B Sardinha , Nizal Sarrafzadegan , Thirunavukkarasu Sathish , Kai-Uwe Saum , Savvas Savva , Mathilde Savy , Norie Sawada , Mariana Sbaraini , Marcia Scazufca , Beatriz D Schaan , Angelika Schaffrath Rosario , Herman Schargrodsky , Anja Schienkiewitz , Karin Schindler , Sabine Schipf , Carsten O Schmidt , Ida Maria Schmidt , Andrea Schneider , Peter Schnohr , Ben Schöttker , Sara Schramm , Stine Schramm , Helmut Schröder , Constance Schultsz , Matthias B Schulze , Aletta E Schutte , Sylvain Sebert , Moslem Sedaghattalab , Rusidah Selamat , Vedrana Sember , Abhijit Sen , Idowu O Senbanjo , Sadaf G Sepanlou , Guillermo Sequera , Luis Serra-Majem , Jennifer Servais , Ľudmila Ševčíková , Svetlana Shalnova , Teresa Shamah-Levy , Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran , Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani , Maryam Sharafkhah , Sanjib K Sharma , Jonathan E Shaw , Amaneh Shayanrad , Ali Akbar Shayesteh , Lela Shengelia , Zumin Shi , Kenji Shibuya , Hana Shimizu-Furusawa , Tal Shimony , Rahman Shiri , Namuna Shrestha , Khairil Si-Ramlee , Alfonso Siani , Rosalynn Siantar , Abla M Sibai , Labros S Sidossis , Natalia Silitrari , Antonio M Silva , Caroline Ramos de Moura Silva , Diego Augusto Santos Silva , Kelly S Silva , Xueling Sim , Mary Simon , Judith Simons , Leon A Simons , Agneta Sjöberg , Michael Sjöström , Natalia A Skoblina , Gry Skodje , Tatyana Slazhnyova , Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer , Przemysław Slusarczyk , Liam Smeeth , Hung-Kwan So , Fernanda Cunha Soares , Grzegorz Sobek , Eugène Sobngwi , Morten Sodemann , Stefan Söderberg , Moesijanti y E Soekatri , Agustinus Soemantri , Reecha Sofat , Vincenzo Solfrizzi , Mohammad Hossein Somi , Emily Sonestedt , Yi Song , Sajid Soofi , Thorkild I A Sørensen , Elin P Sørgjerd , Charles Sossa Jérome , Victoria E Soto-Rojas , Aïcha Soumaré , Alfonso Sousa-Poza , Slavica Sovic , Bente Sparboe-Nilsen , Karen Sparrenberger , Phoebe R Spencer , Angela Spinelli , Igor Spiroski , Jan A Staessen , Hanspeter Stamm , Kaspar Staub , Bill Stavreski , Jostein Steene-Johannessen , Peter Stehle , Aryeh D Stein , George S Stergiou , Jochanan Stessman , Ranko Stevanović , Jutta Stieber , Doris Stöckl , Jakub Stokwiszewski , Ekaterina Stoyanova , Gareth Stratton , Karien Stronks , Maria Wany Strufaldi , Lela Sturua , Ramón Suárez-Medina , Machi Suka , Chien-An Sun , Liang Sun , Johan Sundström , Yn-Tz Sung , Jordi Sunyer , Paibul Suriyawongpaisal , Nabil William G. Sweis , Boyd A Swinburn , Rody G Sy , René Charles Sylva , Moyses Szklo , Lucjan Szponar , Lorraine Tabone , E. 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Goya Wannamethee , Nicholas Wareham , Adelheid Weber , Karen Webster-Kerr , Niels Wedderkopp , Daniel Weghuber , Wenbin Wei , Aneta Weres , Bo Werner , Leo D Westbury , Peter H Whincup , Kremlin Wickramasinghe , Kurt Widhalm , Indah S Widyahening , Andrzej Więcek , Philipp S Wild , Rainford J Wilks , Johann Willeit , Peter Willeit , Julianne Williams , Tom Wilsgaard , Rusek Wojciech , Bogdan Wojtyniak , Kathrin Wolf , Roy A Wong-Mcclure , Andrew Wong , Emily B Wong , Jyh Eiin Wong , Tien Yin Wong , Jean Woo , Mark Woodward , Frederick C Wu , Hon-Yen Wu , Jianfeng Wu , Li Juan Wu , Shouling Wu , Justyna Wyszyńska , Haiquan Xu , Liang Xu , Nor Azwany Yaacob , Uruwan Yamborisut , Weili Yan , Ling Yang , Xiaoguang Yang , Yang Yang , Nazan Yardim , Tabara Yasuharu , Martha Yépez García , Panayiotis K Yiallouros , Agneta Yngve , Moein Yoosefi , Akihiro Yoshihara , Qi Sheng You , San-Lin You , Novie O Younger-Coleman , Yu-Ling Yu , Yunjiang Yu , Safiah Md Yusof , Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff , Luciana Zaccagni , Vassilis Zafiropulos , Ahmad A Zainuddin , Seyed Rasoul Zakavi , Farhad Zamani , Sabina Zambon , Antonis Zampelas , Hana Zamrazilová , Maria Elisa Zapata , Abdul Hamid Zargar , Ko Ko Zaw , Ayman A Zayed , Tomasz Zdrojewski , Magdalena Żegleń , Kristyna Zejglicova , Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic , Yi Zeng , Luxia Zhang , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Dong Zhao , Ming-Hui Zhao , Wenhua Zhao , Yanitsa V Zhecheva , Shiqi Zhen , Wei Zheng , Yingfeng Zheng , Bekbolat Zholdin , Maigeng Zhou , Dan Zhu , Marie Zins , Emanuel Zitt , Yanina Zocalo , Nada Zoghlami , Julio Zuñiga Cisneros , Monika Zuziak , Zulfiqar A Bhutta , Robert E Black , Majid Ezzati

1 ESS - Unité Mixte Internationale "Environnement Santé Sociétés"

Abstract Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being 1–6 . Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m –2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.

Domaines: Sciences de l'Homme et Société

Anu Mishra, Bin Zhou, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez, Honor Bixby, Rosie K Singleton, et al.. Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development. Nature, 2023, 615 (7954), pp.874-883. ⟨10.1038/s41586-023-05772-8⟩. ⟨hal-04378639⟩