, Maîtres et serviteurs. Commander à des dieux au Kérala (Inde du Sud)', in Religion et pratiques de puissance, idem 'Magical Violence and Non-Violence: Witchcraft in Kerala', in Violence/Non-Violence: Some Hindu Perspectives, pp.219-54, 1997.
, Cacophony or Coherence: Ethnographic Writing and Competing Claims to Ritual and Textual Authority', Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, vol.21, pp.3-14, 2009.
, Some Aspects of Personal Identity in Greek Religion', Myth and Thought among the Greeks, Zone books, p.359, 2006.
, Quand les dieux s'emmêlent. Point de vue sur les classifications divines au Kérala, Classer les dieux? Des panthéons en Asie du Sud, pp.43-74, 1993.
, On the use of 'superstition' as a rhetorical device for establishing hierarchies, see A. Bharati, Contributions to Indian Sociology, n.s, vol.4, pp.36-49, 1970.
, Archaeology and Protestant Presupposition in the Study of Indian Buddhism, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, vol.31, p.12, 1981.
, Purity and Violence: Sacred Power in the Teyyam Worship of Malabar, 1991.
, The Iconography and Cult of Kutticattan: Field Research on the Sanskritization of Local Folk Deities in Kerala', in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology, vol.3, pp.175-205, 1999.
, Anthropology of Possession and the Case of a Non-Brahminical Deity, Social Orbit, vol.1, issue.1, pp.159-77, 2015.
, ) has still to be substantiated, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol.48, p.281, 1918.
, Viramma: Life of an Untouchable, p.93, 1997.
, A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, etc, vol.II, p.496, 1807.
, , p.598, 1923.
, Nâyars of Malabar, Madras Government Bulletin, vol.III, issue.3, p.314, 1901.
, The Cochin Tribes and Castes, vol.I, p.76, 1909.
, Chathan: a Devil or Disease?, vol.XXVIII, pp.151-154, 1928.
, Indian Underworld, A First-hand Account of Hindu Saints, Sorcerers and Superstitions, Witchcraft in Western India, p.76, 1940.
, Some Aspects of Nayar Life, p.277
, , p.281
, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, vol.2, p.82, 1909.
, Notes on Some Pulaya Customs and Beliefs', Anthropos, vol.51, p.1033, 1956.
, This last author was relied upon (as far as Ku??ic?ttan is concerned) by Hans-Joachim Klimkeit who assumes that this cult belongs to an ancient pre-Hindu religious stratum coated with a varnish of Hindu imagery, Gustav Mensching zum 75 Geburtstag, issue.71, p.476, 1944.
, Two ancestors, brothers, in this Ezhava family obtain the mantra of Ga?apati through ascetic practice, and can make the god appear at will through rituals (s?viccu pratyak?am?kki) and execute their magical orders. They find, however, that it is not enough for their purposes and that they do not get enough money. They arrange an exchange with a brahman mantrav?di, Panchanallur Bhattathiri, who possesses the mantra of C?ttan but does not want to keep the deity. The Bhattathiri gets Ga?apati, the brothers C?ttan. There is no need for new ascetic practices, the communication of the mantra and the knowledge of the 'service' to the deity are sufficient, Kotarattil Sankunni reports a similar rule for another, p.579, 1974.
, A mantra of vision (dhy?na?l?ka) for Ku??ic?ttan, also called here kuk?i??st?v? (??st? of the cavern/of the belly), is thus part of a collection compiled by Kanippayyur Sankaran Namboodiripad, where he is termed a Ku??ibh?ta, little 'Bh?ta' (Kanippayyur Sankaran otherwise you will be misguided to other temples by agents
, A spectacular expansion of the same shrine since my last visit to it in 1994 may be seen at
, Kannur: Samskrithi Publications/Dialogue Books, 1993; also, see Tarabout, 'Maîtres et serviteurs'. Different stories occur in William, N????i Virutta? (in Malayalam)
, Notes on Some Pulaya Customs and Beliefs, pp.1029-54
, Bhutas and Teyyams, Spirit Worship and Ritual dances in South Kanara and North Malabar-An Exhibition, 1978.
, Ti?ay???avu? Añca?iyu? (Pa?hana?) (in Malayalam), 1963.
, , p.13
, Peringottukara: A.R. Unnikrishna Panicker, p.1
, , p.12
,
,
, 580), a tale which converges with that of ??st?'s own birth. The ritual song performed for the C?ttan festival in the area calls the god Vi??um?y? since in an episode of his life, C?ttan, through his power of illusion, took the guise of Vi??u (there is no reference to ??st?) (Kochumon, Bhagav?n C?ttan Sv?miyu?e R?pakka?a? P????, Kottarattil Sankunni does not mention anything in connection with ??st?, but states briefly that 'C?ttan is born to ?r? Param??varan out of Vi??u's m?ya, vol.I, p.129
, A similar identification between C?ttan and ??st? seems also current in North Malabar (Vishnu Namboodiri, T???amp???uka?, p.204
, An image of the benediction in the final scene of the play may be
, The relationship between the 'attendants' and the god is in fact a bit more complex, since wild animals (elephant, tiger, buffalo, wild dog, etc.) are hypostases, forms which C?ttan himself (and possibly the Hunter) can take. See Kochumon, Bhagav?n C?ttan Sv?miyu?e R?pakka?a? P????
, Scenes from the movie can be viewed on YouTube. 46 For instance, ?? Hr?? Ku??ic?ttan, 2017.
, Black magic is big bucks for Kerala village, The Times of India (online)
, Kattumadam mana when I visited in 1991, is a good example of this complex reality: a Marxist and literary critic, he also practices mantrav?da? (satkarma) using C?ttan, giving his explanations a psychological flavour. As a journalist simplified, using the time metaphor, 'he is the ultimate paradox in every sense of the word: a modern rationalist practising the most primitive of faiths
, L'évolution des cultes dans les temples hindous. L'exemple du Kerala, pp.127-54, 1997.
, The Polythetic-Prototype Approach to Hinduism, pp.294-304, 1989.
,
, Cacophony or Coherence: Ethnographic Writing and Competing Claims to Ritual and Textual Authority', Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, vol.21, pp.3-14, 2009.
, The Cochin Tribes and Castes, vol.I, 1909.
, The Use of "Superstition" as an Anti-Traditional Device in Urban Hinduism, Contributions to Indian Sociology, n.s, vol.4, pp.36-49, 1970.
, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, 1981.
, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity, 1982.
, A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, etc, p.1807, 1988.
, Ti?ay???avu? Añca?iyu? (Pa?hana?) (in Malayalam), 1990.
, N????i Virutta? (in Malayalam), 1993.
, Anthropology of Possession and the Case of a Non-Brahminical Deity, Social Orbit, vol.1, issue.1, pp.159-77, 2015.
, Indian Underworld. A First-hand Account of Hindu Saints, Sorcerers and Superstitions, 1940.
, The Polythetic-Prototype Approach to Hinduism, pp.294-304, 1989.
, Nâyars of Malabar, Madras Government Bulletin, vol.III, issue.3, pp.181-322, 1901.
, Purity and Violence: Sacred Power in the Teyyam Worship of Malabar, 1991.
, A Case Study of Multiple Personality or Possession-syndrome, Its Aetiology and Treatment, 1968.
, Witchcraft in Western India, 1983.
, Die "Teufelstänze" von Südindien, Gustav Mensching zum, p.75, 1976.
, , vol.71, pp.555-78
, Bhagav?n C?ttan Sv?miyu?e R?pakka?a? P???? (T???a? P????) (in Malayalam), 1985.
, Chathan: a Devil or Disease?, vol.XXVIII, pp.151-154, 1928.
, Aryan and Dravidian Elements in Malabar Folklore. A case study of Ramavilliam Kalakam, 1977.
, Peringottukara: A.R. Unnikrishna Panicker
, The White Magic Man, Society, p.52, 1991.
, ?abdat?r?vali (in Malayalam, 1923.
, ?r? Vi??um?y? Pur??a? Athav? ?r? Dharmma??st? L?laka? (in Malayalam); repr., Peringottukara: A.R. Unnikrishna Panicker, 1963.
, Some Aspects of Nayar Life, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol.48, pp.254-93, 1918.
, Vayan???ile ?div?sika?u?e P???uka?, 1989.
, The Iconography and Cult of Kutticattan: Field Research on the Sanskritization of Local Folk Deities in Kerala', in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology, vol.3, 1999.
, Cambridge: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, pp.175-205
, The New Indian Express, 2011.
, Black magic is big bucks for Kerala village, The Times of India (online), p.19, 2013.
, Dhy?na??a?u? Mantra??a?u? (in Malayalam), 1990.
, Aitihyam?la (in Malayalam); repr, pp.1909-1943, 1974.
, Archaeology and Protestant Presupposition in the Study of Indian Buddhism, History of Religions, vol.31, issue.1, pp.1-23, 1991.
, Text and Context in the Study of Contemporary Hinduism, The Adyar Library Bulletin, vol.XXV, pp.274-303, 1961.
, Bhutas and Teyyams. Spirit Worship and Ritual dances in South Kanara and North Malabar -An Exhibition, 1978.
, Quand les dieux s'emmêlent. Point de vue sur les classifications divines au Kérala, Classer les dieux? Des panthéons en Asie du Sud, pp.43-74, 1993.
, Maîtres et serviteurs, Commander à des dieux au Kérala (Inde du Sud)', in Religion et pratiques de puissance, pp.253-84, 1997.
, L'évolution des cultes dans les temples hindous. L'exemple du Kerala, pp.127-54, 1997.
, Magical Violence and Non-Violence: Witchcraft in Kerala, Violence/Non-Violence: Some Hindu Perspectives, pp.219-54, 1993.
, Notes on Some Pulaya Customs and Beliefs', Anthropos, vol.51, pp.1029-54, 1956.
, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, 7 vols, 1909.
, Some Aspects of Personal Identity in Greek Religion', Myth and Thought among the Greeks; repr, Zone books, pp.353-67, 1965.
, Viramma: Life of an Untouchable, 1994.
, T???amp???uka?: Oru Pa?hana?, 1990.
, Devil Dances of North Malabar (Thirayattam or Teyyam Tullal), Serampore College (thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Divinity), 1944.