C. Abadia, De la pioche au piolet : dynamiques agraires et diversification des pratiques maraîchères dans le Pharak, p.101, 2016.

R. Adhikari, Economic Dimension of Empowerment: Effects of Commercialization and Feminization of Vegetable Farming on Social Status of women in an Urban Fringe of Western Nepal, Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, vol.3, pp.86-105, 2008.

. Agri-business, Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture 2012, Ministry of Agricultural Development, 2013.

O. Aubriot and T. Bruslé, Agriculture paysanne népalaise et phénomènes migratoires : de la complémentarité à la rupture des liens? », in Autrepart, vol.3, pp.141-158, 2012.

O. Aubriot, M. Faulon, I. Sacareau, O. Puschiasis, E. Jacquemet et al., Reconfiguration of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Everest Tourist Region of Solukhumbu, Nepal, Mountain Research and Development, vol.39, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02164589

M. Bahadur-thapa and S. Dhimal, Horticulture Development in Nepal: Prospects, Challenges and Strategies, Universal Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.5, pp.177-189, 2017.

S. Brown and B. Shrestha, Market-driven land-use dynamics in the middle mountains of Nepal, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.59, pp.217-225, 2000.

B. Cailmail and M. Perier, Lorsqu'un conflit local s'intègre dans la guerre globale au terrorisme : le cas des maoïstes du Népal, Cultures & Conflits, vol.68, 2007.

C. De-la-masselière, B. Nalileza, B. Uginet, and E. , Le développement du maraîchage dans les montagnes d'Afrique de l'Est : les enjeux, vol.247, pp.311-330, 2009.

H. Cochet, C. Aubron, and M. Jobbe-duval, « Quelles sont les conditions à réunir pour une intégration marchande porteuse de développement durable pour les paysanneries andines?, Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer, vol.247, pp.395-417, 2009.

H. Cochet, L'agriculture comparée, Editions Quae, p.159, 2011.

B. Debarbieux, Du haut lieu en général et du mont Blanc en particulier, vol.22, pp.5-13, 1993.

P. Dollfus, O. Aubriot, and M. Lecomte-tilouine, Reading Himalayan landscapes over time. Environmental perception, knowledge and practice in Nepal and Ladakh, Institut Français de Pondichéry (Collection Sciences Sociales 14), pp.279-323, 2009.

C. Duchet and J. C. Duchier, Ou quelles stratégies pour les agriculteurs des collines proches de Growth of market gardening for local sales in the Mount Everest tourist regio, Diagnostic agraire dans les collines Himalayennes (Népal): des choux-fleurs dans les 'dokos, 2004.

, Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de géographie alpine, pp.107-110

?. Katmandou and . Mémoire,

M. Dufumier, Les projets de développement agricole. Manuel d'expertise, Editions CTA -Karthala, p.354, 1996.

M. Faulon, Mémoire présenté pour l'obtention du diplôme de master recherche géographie, Hydroélectricité et adduction d'eau dans le Haut Pharak, p.142, 2015.

R. Fuller and A. Zahnd, Solar Greenhouse Technology for Food Security; A Case Study from Humla District, NW Nepal, Mountain and Research Development, vol.32, pp.411-419, 2012.

F. Haimendorf, The Sherpas of Napal : Buddhist highlanders, vol.298, 1964.

P. Gasselin, M. Vaillant, and B. Bathfield, Le système d'activité : retour sur un concept pour étudier l'exploitation agricole en famille, 2014.

, L'agriculture en famille : travailler, réinventer, transmettre, pp.101-122

R. Gautam, B. R. Sthapit, and P. K. Shrestha, Enhancing the contribution of home garden to on-farm management of plant genetic resources and to improve the livelihoods of Nepalese farmers: Lessons learned and policy implications, Biodiversity International, p.135, 2004.

E. Jacquemet, La société sherpa à l'ère du « Yak Donald's ». Lutte des places pour l'accès aux ressources dans la région touristique de l'Everest (Népal), p.432, 2018.

M. Mazoyer and L. Roudart, Histoire des agricultures du monde, du néolithique à la crise contemporaine, Editions du Seuil, p.533, 1997.

E. Mollard, L'innovation en agriculture : questions de méthodes et terrains d'observation, pp.43-64, 1999.

A. Muller, Gestion des animaux de bât et des systèmes fourragers dans une aire de montagne touristique et protégée. Le cas de la vallée du Pharak, Népal » Mémoire présenté pour l'obtention du titre d'ingénieur en agro-développement international, p.139, 2016.

E. Muzzini and G. Aparicio, Urban Growth and Spatial Transition in Nepal. An initial assessment. Washington: The World Bank, 2013.

S. K. Nepal, Tourism and Remote Mountain Settlements: Spatial and Temporal Development of Tourist Infrastructure in the Mt Everest Region, 2005.

, The fourth Plan, Government of Nepal, 1973.

, Growth of market gardening for local sales in the Mount Everest tourist regio, Government of Nepal, 1980.

, Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de géographie alpine, pp.107-110

M. Oppitz, Myths and facts: Reconsidering some data concerning the clan history of the Sherpas, vol.2, pp.121-131, 1974.

G. S. Paudel, Coping with land scarcity. Farmers' changing land-use and management practices in two mountain watersheds of Nepal, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift -Norwegian Journal of Geography, vol.56, issue.1, pp.21-31, 2002.

B. Ripert, I. Sacareau, T. Boisseaux, T. Lama, and S. , Reading Himalayan landscapes over time. Environmental perception, knowledge and practice in Nepal and Ladakh, pp.379-417, 2009.

I. Sacareau, Porteurs de l'Himalaya : Le trekking au Népal», Editions Belin, vol.256, 1997.

P. Sagarmatha-national, Sagarmatha National Park Jorsalle Entry Point: Monthly Tourist Record, 2015.

P. Sagarmatha-national, Sagarmatha National Park Jorsalle Entry Point: Monthly Tourist Record, 2017.

M. N. Sherpa, Conservation for survival: a conservation strategy for resource self-sufficiency in the Khumbu region of Nepal, 1985.

C. Winnipeg,

B. Shresthra, Off-Season Vegetables Marketing Channels of Small Growers: A Case of Yampaphant, p.81, 2008.

R. B. Shrestha, W. Huang, S. Gautam, and T. G. Johnson, Efficiency of small scale vegetable farms: policy implications for the rural poverty reduction in Nepal, Agricultural Economics (Zem?d?lská ekonomika), vol.62, pp.181-195, 2016.

J. Smadja, O. Aubriot, O. Puschiasis, T. Duplan, J. Grimaldi et al., Climate change and water resources in the Himalayas . Field study in four geographic units of the Koshi basin, vol.103, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01673754

J. Spoon, Tourism, Persistence, and Change: Sherpa Spirituality and Place in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal, Journal of Ecological Anthropology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.41-57, 2011.

S. Stevens, Claiming the High Ground: Sherpas, Subsistence, and Environmental Change in the Highest Himalaya, 1993.

G. Thapa, A. Kumar, and P. K. Joshi, Agricultural Diversification in Nepal: Status, Determinants, and its Impact on Rural Poverty, p.56, 2017.

J. C. Tulet, Pharak came under the ambit of the Chaurikharka Village Development Committee (VDC), Transformations des systèmes de production agropastoraux concernant le monde tropical, vol.247, pp.275-283, 2009.

, Growth of market gardening for local sales in the Mount Everest tourist regio

, The 2011 national census listed 968 houses and 3,700 inhabitants in Chaurikharka VDC

, Female hybrid resulting from a cross between a male (yak) or female (nak) of the Bos grunniens species and a cow or a bull

, Cabbage, cauliflower, beans, squash, carrots, green onions and garlic, according to our surveys

, Some farmers, previously day labourers, now practise greenhouse vegetable gardening on their own, having acquired the requisite knowledge while working for their former employers

, Many NGOs, however, provided farmers with greenhouses in the districts affected by the 2015 earthquakes to allow them to grow food for self-consumption. This also happened earlier with the establishment of solar greenhouses at Humla for food security purposes, 2012.

, The annual production of tomatoes is estimated at between 12 and 18 tonnes for the whole of Pharak, 2016.

, However, spring vegetables such as garlic, onion and mustard greens are irrigated