, Perspectives on EU Implementation of the Paris Outcome, Carbon & Climate Law Review, p.34, 2016.
, UNFCCC, Decision 1/CP.20, Lima call for climate action, 2014.
, Outcome of the Council Meeting, 3373rd Council meeting, Environment Brussels, 2015.
, , pp.34-45, 2016.
, on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Paris Agreement adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, OJ L, vol.282, issue.10, pp.1-3, 1841.
, Declaration by the Union made in accordance with Article, vol.20
, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank, A Clean Planet for all. A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, COM, vol.773, 2018.
, Urgenda Foundation and 886 Individuals v. The State of the Netherlands, Gerechtshof Den Haag, pp.9-10, 2018.
, Case Note Urgenda Foundation and 886 Individuals v. The State of the Netherlands: The Dilemma of More Ambitious Greenhouse Gas Reduction Action by EU Member States, RECIEL, vol.25, issue.1, p.125, 2016.
, Using the concept of 'actorship' to describe the ability to exert influence on the external world according to J.-U. Wunderlich, 'The EU an Actor Sui Generis? A Comparison of EU and ASEAN Actorness, Journal of common market studies, vol.4, issue.50, pp.653-669
, The contribution of the European Union on global climate change governance: explaining the conditions for EU actorness, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, p.125, 2012.
, The European Union as a negotiator in the international climate change regime, vol.11, pp.341-360, 2011.
, We agree that political leadership is "a complex phenomenon, ill-defined, poorly understood, and subject to recurrent controversy
, Political Leadership and Regime Formation: On the Development of Institutions in International Society, International Organization, vol.45, issue.3, pp.281-308, 1991.
, European Union political leadership in international climate change politics, p.14, 2010.
, The European Union and global governance, Global governance from regional perspectives: a critical view, 2017.
, The European Union as a global climate leader: confronting aspiration with evidence, vol.17, p.468, 2017.
, The European Union and the Paris Agreement: leader, mediator, or bystander?, Climate change, vol.1, issue.8, p.445, 2016.
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, International climate policy leadership after COP23: the EU must resume its leading role, but cannot do so alone' in Nicolai von Ondarza, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, pp.1-7, 2018.
, To use the Oberthür's categories. Oberthür (2016) Climate change, p.445
, Climate change in EU external relations: please follow my example (or I might force you to)', in The external environmental policy of the European Union: EU and international law perspectives, p.139, 2012.
, See for instance the founding text of the European Commission, Using Innovative and Effective Approaches to Deliver Climate Change Support to Developing Countries, 2011.
, Plans (NAP)/ However, given the over-allocation of allowances, the quantity of allowances is now set for the whole Union every year since 2013 and this amount shall decrease in a linear fashion by 1.74 % (compared to the average annual amount of allowances issued by Member States for the 2008-2012 period) and then by 2
, As a long-term solution, a market stability reserve has been established under Decision (EU) 2015/1814 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 October 2015 concerning the establishment and operation of a market stability reserve for the Union greenhouse gas emission trading scheme and amending Directive, OJ L, vol.87, issue.10, pp.1-5, 2003.
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, Conclusions on 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework, 2014.
, These plans (covering a first period from 2021 to 2030) should pay particular attention to the Member States' binding national targets for greenhouse gas emissions, the annual binding national limits pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/842 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions and the indicative national energy contribution to achieving the Union's energy efficiency targets
, The governance of the European Energy Union : Efficiency, effectiveness and acceptance of the Winter Package, Energy Policy, vol.112, pp.209-220, 2016.
, the Commission has proposed that the EU reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% before 2050, compared to 1990 levels : aforementioned Communication from the Commission, A Clean Planet for all A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, 2018.
, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, The Paris Protocol -A blueprint for tackling global climate change beyond 2020
, Aforementioned Directive 2012/27/EU which has set the Union-level target for improvements in energy efficiency in 2030 to at least 32, vol.5
, amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, pp.3-21, 2008.
, However, to support the development of a global measure by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the EU has decided to limit the scope of the EU ETS to intra-EEA flights for a period of time. Regulation (EU) 2017/2392 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2017 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to continue current limitations of scope for aviation activities and to prepare to implement a global market-based measure from 2021, OJ L, vol.350, pp.7-14
, Aforementioned Regulation (EU, vol.842, 2018.
, LULUCF is included on the basis of "no debit
, According to the Eurobarometer report on climate change, 2017.
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, Action brought on, vol.23, p.51, 2018.
, 410 ; article 4(2) of and Annex I to aforementioned Regulation, /, vol.87, issue.2, p.841, 2003.
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, The process is however described : According to the governance regulation, EU countries are also required to develop national long-term strategies (LTS) by 1 January 2020, and consistency between long-term-strategies and NECPs has to be ensured. The national LTSs would serve as an input for a joint EU LTS