, l'accès à l'électricité en pourcentage de la population ((<v<s) ou encore l'indice de perception de la corruption rattaché au pays d'accueil des investissements, téléphoniques (lignes fixes) souscrits pour 1000 habitants (( <v )

, Les valeurs entre parenthèses en dessous des coefficients estimés représentent leurs t de Student calculés

L. , Par ailleurs, dans les modèles (1) et (4), en lieu et place des taux de scolarisation dans l'enseignement supérieur des pays, les taux de scolarisation dans l'enseignement secondaires des pays et les produits intérieurs bruts par tête ont également été testés, Les résultats restent dans l'ensemble stables sur les « effets » des traités et non donc pas été reportés

, Le tableau 11 renvoie aux résultats sans les variables liées aux clauses de droit substantiel et procédural des traités bilatéraux d'investissement et sans les « autres

. Obs, , 17864.

, *Les valeurs entre parenthèses en dessous des coefficients estimés représentent leurs t de Student calculés. L'astérisque * signifie que le coefficient est significativement différent de zéro au seuil de 5%

, Dans un deuxième temps, grâce à un examen attentif de la littérature, il a abordé le lien entre les traités bilatéraux d'investissement et les flux/stocks d'investissements directs étrangers (sortants), le type de données et leur niveau d'agrégation (entreprise/industrie/secteur/pays). Cet examen de la littérature a servi de point d'appui à la modélisation des flux/stocks d'investissements directs étrangers. Ensuite, la dernière partie s'est focalisée sur la, Ce rapport s'est focalisé sur l'analyse des traités, les pays retenus, et l'identification des règles de droit substantiel et procédural retenues pour l'examen des traités d'investissement, i.e

R. Bibliographiques,

E. Aisbett, M. Busse, and P. Nunnenkamp, Bilateral Investment Treaties Do Work, 2016.

J. E. Alvarez, The Public International Law Regime Governing International Investment. Hague Academy of International Law, 2011.

J. E. Anderson, A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation, American Economic Review, vol.69, pp.106-116, 1979.

J. E. Anderson and E. Van-wincoop, Gravity with gravitas: A solution to the border puzzle, American Economic Review, vol.93, pp.170-192, 2003.

M. Arellano, Panel Data Econometrics, 2003.

R. Baldwin, D. Et, and . Taglioni, Gravity for dummies and dummies for gravity equations, 2006.

B. H. Baltagi, P. H. Egger, and K. Erhardt, The estimation of gravity models in international trade, The Econometrics of Multi-dimensional Panels : Theory and applications, vol.11, pp.323-348, 2017.

B. H. Baltagi, P. H. Egger, and M. Pfaffermayr, Panel data gravity models of international trade, The Oxford Handbook of Panel Data, pp.608-641, 2015.

A. Berger, M. Busse, P. Nunnenkamp, and M. Roy, More stringent BITs, less ambiguous effects on FDI? Not a BIT!, Economics Letters, vol.112, pp.270-272, 2011.

A. Berger, M. Busse, P. Nunnenkamp, and M. Roy, Do trade and investment agreements lead to more FDI? Accounting for key provisions inside the black box, International Economics and Economic Policy, vol.10, pp.247-275, 2013.

J. H. Bergstrand, The generalized gravity equation, monopolistic competition, and the factor-proportions theory in international trade, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.71, pp.143-153, 1989.

J. H. Bergstrand, The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model, the Linder hypothesis and the determinants of bilateral intra-industry trade, Economic Journal, vol.100, pp.1216-1229, 1990.

J. H. Bergstrand and P. Egger, What determines BITs ?, Journal of International Economics, vol.90, pp.107-122, 2013.

M. Bungenberg, J. Griebel, S. Hobe, and A. Reinisch, 2015. International Investment Law: A Handbook

M. Busse, J. Königer, and P. Nunnenkamp, FDI promotion through bilateral investment treaties: more than a bit ?, Review of World Economics, vol.146, pp.147-177, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00561813

C. Calvo, Le droit international théorique et pratique, 1896.

C. Calvo, Derecho internacional teórico y práctico de Europa y América, 1868.

L. Colen, D. Persyn, and A. Guariso, Bilateral investment treaties and FDI: Does the sector matter?, World development, vol.83, pp.193-206, 2016.

S. Correia, P. Guimarães, and T. Zylkin, ppmlhdfe: Fast Poisson estimation with highdimensional fixed effects, 2019.

, CNUCED, 2012a. Expropriation. Nations Unies

, CNUCED, 2012b. Fair and Equitable Treatment. Nations Unies

, CNUCED, 2011. Scope and Definition. Nations Unies

, The Impact of International Investment Agreements on Foreign Direct Investment: An Overview of Empirical Studies, 1998.

, World Investment Report 2015 -Reforming International Investment Governance. Nations Unies, 2015.

, World Investment Report 2016 -Investor Nationality: Policy Challenges. Nations Unies, 2016.

, CNUCED, 2017. World Investment Report 2017 -Investment and the Digital Economy. Nations Unies

A. V. Deardorff, Rich and Poor Countries in Neoclassical Trade and Growth, Economic Journal, vol.111, pp.277-294, 2001.

A. V. Deardorff, Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World, pp.7-28, 1998.

P. Dee, J. Et, and . Gali, The trade and investment effects of preferential trading arrangements, International Trade in East Asia, vol.14, pp.133-175, 2005.

J. Dixon, P. A. Et, and . Haslam, Does the Quality of Investment Protection Affect FDI Flows to Developing Countries? Evidence from Latin America, World Economy, vol.39, pp.1080-1108, 2016.

R. Dolzer, C. Et, and . Schreuer, Principles of International Investment Law, 2012.

R. Dolzer, M. Et, and . Stevens, Bilateral Investment Treaties. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995.

J. Dunning, Trade Location of Economic Activity and the Multinational Enterprises: Search for an Eclectic Approach, The International Allocation of Economic Activity, 1977.

P. Egger, A note on the proper specification of the gravity equation, Economics Letters, vol.66, pp.25-31, 2000.

P. Egger, V. Et, and . Merlo, The Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on FDI Dynamics, The World Economy, vol.30, pp.1536-1549, 2007.

P. Egger, V. Et, and . Merlo, BITs bite: An anatomy of the impact of bilateral investment treaties on multinational firms, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol.114, pp.1240-1266, 2012.

P. Egger, M. Et, and . Pfaffermayr, The proper panel econometric specification of the gravity equation: A three-way model with bilateral interaction effects, Empirical Economics, vol.28, pp.571-580, 2003.

P. Egger, M. Et, and . Pfaffermayr, The impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.32, pp.788-804, 2004.

P. Egger, K. Et, and . Staub, GLM estimation of trade gravity models with fixed effects, Empirical Economics, vol.50, pp.137-175, 2016.

T. Fally, Structural gravity and fixed effects, Journal of International Economics, vol.97, pp.76-85, 2015.

R. Feenstra, Advanced International Trade, Theory and Evidence, 2003.

K. P. Gallagher and M. B. Birch, Do investment agreements attract investment? Evidence from Latin America, Journal of World Investment and Trade, vol.7, pp.961-974, 2006.

K. P. Gallagher and M. B. Birch, Do investment agreements attract investment? Evidence from Latin America, Journal of World Investment and Trade, vol.7, pp.961-974, 2006.

M. Hallward-driemeier, Do Bilateral Investment Treaties Attract FDI? Only a bit and they could bite, 2003.

K. Head, T. Et, and . Mayer, Gravity equations: workhorse, toolkit, and cookbook, Handbook of International Economics, vol.4, pp.131-195, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00973067

C. Hsiao, Analysis of Panel Data, 2003.

S. Hymer, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, 1976.

G. Kaufmann-kohler, M. Et, and . Potestà, Can the Mauritius Convention serve as a model for the reform of investor-State arbitration in connection with the introduction of a permanent investment tribunal or an appeal mechanism?, 2016.

R. Kläger, Fair and Equitable Treatment' in International Investment Law, 2011.

P. R. Krugman, Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade, American Economic Review, vol.70, pp.950-959, 1980.

J. Kurtz, The WTO and International Investment Law, 2016.

M. Lesher, S. Et, and . Miroudot, The economic impact of investment provisions in regional trade agreements, Aussenwirtschaft, vol.62, pp.193-232, 2007.

H. Linnemann, An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows, 1966.

L. Mátyás, Proper econometric specification of the gravity model, The World Economy, vol.20, pp.363-368, 1997.

L. Mátyás, The Econometrics of Multi-dimensional Panels : Theory and applications, 2017.

T. S. Mayer and . Zignago, Notes on CEPII's distances measures: The GeoDist database, 2011.

C. Mclachlan, L. Shore, and M. Weiniger, International Investment Arbitration, 2017.

D. Medvedev, Beyond trade: The impact of preferential trade agreements on FDI inflows, World Development, vol.40, pp.49-61, 2012.

E. Neumayer, L. Et, and . Spess, Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries?, World Development, vol.33, pp.1567-1585, 2005.

A. Newcombe, L. Et, and . Paradell, Law and Practice of Investment Treaties, 2009.

. Ocde, International Investment Law: Understanding Concepts and Tracking Innovations, 2008.

C. Peinhardt, T. Et, and . Allee, The costs of treaty participation and their effects on U.S. foreign direct investment. American Society for International Law's International Economic Law Interest, Group Meeting in, pp.1-39, 2008.

M. P. Pinto, S. M. Pinto, and N. Stier-moses, Regulating foreign investment: A study of the properties of bilateral investment regimes, Annual Meeting of the International Political Economy Society, pp.1-24, 2010.

P. Pöyhönen, A tentative model for the volume of trade between countries, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, vol.90, pp.93-99, 1963.

A. Reinisch, dir.) 2008. Standards of Investment Protection

J. W. Salacuse, The Law of Investment Treaties, 2015.

S. Silva, J. M. , and S. Tenreyro, The log of gravity, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.88, pp.641-658, 2006.

S. Silva, J. M. , and S. Tenreyro, Further simulation evidence on the performance of the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator, Economics Letters, vol.112, pp.220-222, 2011.

K. P. Sauvant and L. E. , Sachs (dir.). 2009. The Effect of Treaties on Foreign Direct Investment

C. Schreuer, ICSID Convention: A Commentary, 2009.

L. N. Skovgaard-poulsen and E. Aisbett, When the claim hits: Bilateral investment treaties and bounded rational learning, World Politics, vol.65, pp.273-313, 2013.

M. Sornarajah, The International Law on Foreign Investment. Fourth Edition, 2015.

T. Velde, D. E. , and D. Bezemer, Regional integration and foreign direct investment in developing countries, Transnational Corporations, vol.15, pp.41-70, 2006.

J. Tinbergen, Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy,NewYork, The Twentieth Century Fund, 1962.

C. Titi, Scope of international investment agreements and substantive protection standards, dir.) Research Handbook on Foreign Direct Investment, 2018.

C. Titi, Embedded liberalism and international investment agreements: The future of the right to regulate, with reflections on WTO Law, G. Moon et L. Toohey (dir.) 20 Years of Domestic Policy Under WTO Law: The Embedded Liberalism Compromise Revisited, 2018.

C. Titi, Developments in international investment law and policy in the European Union, Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy, 2016.

C. Titi, Procedural multilateralism and multilateral investment court, E. Fahey (dir.) Institutionalisation Beyond the Nation State: Transatlantic Relations -Data Privacy and Trade Law, pp.145-164, 2018.

C. Titi, The European Union's proposal for an international investment court: Significance, innovations and challenges ahead, Transnational Dispute Management, vol.1, pp.1-35, 2017.

C. Titi, Non-Adjudicatory State-State mechanisms in investment dispute prevention and dispute settlement: Joint interpretations, filters and focal points, Brazilian Journal of International Law, vol.14, pp.36-48, 2017.

C. Titi, International investment law and the protection of foreign investment in Brazil, Transnational Dispute Management, vol.2, pp.1-15, 2016.

C. Titi, Investment Law and the European Union: Towards a New Generation of International Investment Agreements, European Journal of International Law, vol.26, pp.639-661, 2015.

C. Titi, The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law, 2014.

J. Tobin, S. Et, and . Rose-ackerman, Foreign Direct Investment and the Business Environment in Developing Countries: the Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties. William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 587, 2003.

J. Weber, C. Et, and . Titi, UNCTAD's Roadmap for Reform of Investment Dispute Settlement, New Zealand Business Law Quarterly, vol.21, pp.319-327, 2015.