, And they invited us. Now, in Aiete, I didn't say anything. I stood there. There was a small issue there: of course, we are the church of Biscaye. I told the bishop: if I have to go to Aiete, you must inform the bishop of San Sebastian. And the bishop of Vitoria as well, this case however, representatives of the Church asked to be present as observers: We were not on the first list, 2011.

, Eusko Langileen Alkartasuna-Basque Workers Solidarity

, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak-Patriot Workers Union

T. , Whitfield observes that, beyond these direct contacts, some of them through the good offices of the British government, Reid was credited with encouraging the idea of dialogue. However, this mediation also reached its limits: Reid "did not speak Spanish, and his knowledge of the political situation was strongly influenced both by Northern Ireland and what even some within Batasuna would recognize as a degree of wishful thinking about the intentions of ETA, 2014.

, On Reid's role, see also Eguiguren and Aizpeolea, 242) and Alonso, vol.36, pp.702-706, 2004.

, by the Spanish Ministry of the Interior of the mediation by Mons. Uriarte, then bishop of Zamora, during the ETA 1998-1999 ceasefire, was interpreted as one of the causes of the failure of the process (Eguiguren and Aizpeolea, p.35, 2011.

, Vicar General of the Diocese of Bilbao, 2012.

C. Abella-y-ramallo, Memorias Confesables de un Embajador en el Vaticano, 2006.

F. Aldecoa and M. Keating, Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments, 1999.

R. Alonso, Pathways out of terrorism in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country: The Misrepresentation of the Irish model, Terrorism and Political Violence, vol.16, pp.695-713, 2004.

. Appleby, R. J. Scott, G. F. Schreiter, and . Powers, 2010. Peacebuilding. Catholic Theology, Ethics, and Praxis

M. Barbato, A State, a Diplomat, and a Transnational Church: The Multi-layered Actorness of the Holy See, Perspectives, Review of International Affairs, vol.21, pp.27-48, 2013.

J. Bew, M. Frampton, and I. Gurruchaga, Talking to Terrorists. Making Peace in Northern Ireland and in the Basque Country, 2009.

. Bilbao-alberdi and . Galo, Sacrificadas a los Ídolos, Las Víctimas del Terrorismo en el Discurso de los Obispos Vasconavarros, 1968.

L. R. Aizpeolea, Urkullu busca la interlocución con el Vaticano. El Gobierno vasco prioriza en la Santa Sede el reto de los refugiados sobre el final de ETA, 2017.

, Sant'Egidio, together with two other bodies working with refugees (Salvamento marítimo Humanitario, Zaporeak-Sabores solidarios) had been awarded the René Cassin Human Rights Prize given by the lehendakari, 2018.

, Basque intermunicipality community, 2019.

C. Acnur, C. Roja, S. Caritas, and E. Refugiado, El Lehendakari viajará a Roma para presentar en el Vaticano la Propuesta Share en relación con las personas refugiadas y migrantes en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad, 2019.

A. K. Bourne, European integration and conflict resolution in the Basque Country, Northern Ireland and Cyprus. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, vol.4, pp.391-415, 2003.

J. D. Brewer, I. Gareth, F. Higgins, and . Teeney, Religion, Civil Society, and Peace in Northern Ireland, 2011.

C. Romero and J. , The role of the catholic church and religion in the basque conflict. Paper presented at Religion and Humanitarian Action, 2018.

G. De-longcamp, L'Eglise communauté de mémoire, Nouvelle Revue Théologique, vol.141, pp.22-35, 2019.

J. Eguiguren and L. Aizpeolea, ETA. Las Claves de la Paz, 2011.

. Espiau-idoiaga and . Gorka, The Peace Process in the Basque Country and in Northern Ireland: A Comparative Approach, 2010.

L. Ferrari, The Vatican as a Transnational Actor, The Catholic Church and the Nation-State. Comparative Perspectives, pp.33-45, 2006.

C. Garaikoetxea, Euskadi: La Transición Inacabada. Memorias Políticas, 2002.

C. Gilbert and E. Henry, La définition des problèmes publics: Entre publicité et discrétion. Revue Française de Sociologie, vol.531, pp.39-55, 2012.

J. Gilmour, Losing its soul: The changing role of Christian democracy in the development of Spain's new Right, South European Society and Politics, vol.10, pp.411-442, 2005.

J. Gusfield, The Culture of Public Problems: Drinking-Driving and the Symbolic Order, 1981.

J. Haynes, Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power, 2012.

A. D. Hertzke, The Catholic Church and Catholicism in global politics, Routledge Handbook on Religion and Politics, pp.36-54, 2016.

D. Hervieu-léger, La Religion Pour Mémoire, 1993.

D. Hervieu-léger, Catholicisme, la fin d'un Monde, 2003.

J. Holmsen, Believe It or Not. The New Face of Religion in International Affairs: A Case-Study of Sant'Egidio, 2018.

X. Itçaina, Catholic Mediations in Southern Europe. The Invisible Politics of Religion, 2018.

P. Iztueta, Sociología del Fenómeno Contestatorio del Clero Vasco: 1940-1975. Donotia: Elkar, 1981.

A. Lecours and L. Moreno, Paradiplomacy and stateless nations: A reference to the Basque Country, The Conditions of Diversity in Multinational Democracies, pp.267-92, 2003.

R. Leonisio, F. Molina, and D. Muro, ETA Terrorist's Campaigns: From Violence to Politics, 2015.

I. Madina, G. Bilbao, and A. Bermudez, Recognizing victims of political violence: Basque literary narratives as an ethical tool, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, pp.1-17, 2018.

C. Mccall, European Union cross-border cooperation and conflict amelioration, Space and Polity, vol.17, pp.197-216, 2013.

F. Molina, The reign of Christ over the nation: The Basque question in the Spanish Republic, 1931-1936, National Identities, vol.13, pp.17-33, 2011.

D. Muro, Ethnicity and Violence. The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism. London and New York: Routledge. Murua, Imanol. 2010. Loiolako hegiak, 2011.

I. Murua, Ending ETA's Armed Campaign. How and Why the Basque Armed Group Abandoned Violence, 2017.

P. Ontoso, Con la Biblia y la Parabellum: Cuando la Iglesia Vasca Ponía una Vela a Dios y otra al Diablo, 2019.

A. Pérez-agote, The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism, 2006.

A. Pérez-agote, Les trois logiques de la religion en Espagne, Catholicisme en Tensions, pp.37-49, 2012.

F. Placer-ugarte, Creer en Euskal Herria: La Experiencia Creyente de las Comunidades Cristianas Populares y de la Coordinadora de Sacerdotes de Euskal Herria, 1976.

J. Serrano-oceja and . Francisco,

G. Shani, Transnational religious actors and international relations, Routledge Handbook on Religion and Politics, pp.299-313, 2016.

A. Smith, The Politics of Economic Activity, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01378383

I. Tellidis, Peacebuilding beyond terrorism? Revisiting the narratives of the Basque conflict, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, pp.1-19, 2018.

G. Totoricagüena, Diasporas as non-central governmental actors in foreign policy: The trajectory of Basque paradiplomacy, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, vol.11, pp.265-87, 2005.

J. Troy, The Pope's own hand oustretched: Holy See diplomacy as a hybrid mode of diplomatic agency, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol.20, pp.521-560, 2018.

P. Wehr and J. P. Lederach, Mediating conflict in Central America, Journal of Peace Research, vol.28, pp.85-98, 1991.

T. Whitfield, Endgame for ETA. Elusive Peace in the Basque Country, 2014.

J. Zulaika and I. Murua, How terrorism ends-And does not end: The Basque case, Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol.2, pp.338-56, 2017.