, slnie?kári"), a catch-all term for such people, whilst in the UK, 'remainers' became a loaded term, and in Turkey, it was anti-government protestors such as those in Gezi Park. Relationship between the leader and the people Indications of the type of relationship between the leader and the people were not present on a lot of the Facebook accounts surveyed for the research. Where present, three tentative patterns can be pointed to. The first is that of the leader serving the people: (28) "The Government of Law and Justice listens to the voice of citizens, The communists, the liberals and the generation of '68 are those who attack Christianity"-Zsolt Sjemén, HU In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, mention was made of 'sunshiners' (CZ: "sluní?ká?i

, There is no, one online populist strategy. The frequency, tone and topic of social media (Facebook) usage by populist actors differs from country to country, actor to actor, and over time

, National contexts (elections, campaign traditions, social media usage) impact upon these strategies

, right-wing populist discourses on Facebook, the people are generally constructed as victims (e.g. of corruption, immigration, outside control from Brussels)

, National elites are more frequently mentioned than supranational elites, despite the first sample period being constructed around the European elections

, There is a growing network of right-wing, nativist, populist actors, who share policies and discourses

, Othering strategies focus mainly on migrant outsiders, especially Muslims

, There was relatively little data on leader-people relationships and leadership style

, The findings point to a 'weak' Europeanisation, with European elections acting as second order elections, and politicians acting nationally rather than as Europeans

D. Albertazzi and D. Mcdonnell, Introduction: A new spectre for Western Europe, 2008.

, Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy, pp.1-11

S. Bennett, Imagining the peoples of Europe: Studies of political discourse across the ideological spectrum, pp.229-256, 2019.

S. Blassnig, P. Rodi, K. Tenenboim-weinblatt, K. Adamczewska, L. Raycheva et al.,

&. Esser and F. , Dimensions, speakers, and targets, Communicating Populism. Comparing Actor Perceptions, Media Coverage, and Effects on Citizens in Europe, pp.71-101, 2019.

B. Bonikowski and N. Gidron, Multiple Traditions in Populism Research: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis, APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter, vol.26, issue.2, pp.7-14, 2016.

B. Bonikowski, Three Lessons of Contemporary Populism in Europe and the United States, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, vol.23, issue.1, pp.9-24, 2017.

R. Brubaker, Why populism?, Theory & Society", vol.46, issue.5, pp.357-385, 2017.

A. Chadwick, The hybrid media system: Politics and power, 2013.

D. Swert and K. , Calculating inter-coder reliability in media content analysis using, 2012.

M. Deseriis, Technopopulism: The Emergence of a Discursive Formation, vol.15, pp.441-58, 2017.

S. Engesser, N. Ernst, F. Esser, and F. Büchel, Populism and Social Media: How Politicians Spread a Fragmented Ideology, Information, Communication & Society, vol.20, issue.8, pp.1109-1135, 2017.

N. Ernst, S. Engesser, F. Büchel, S. Blassnig, and F. Esser, Extreme parties and populism: an analysis of Facebook and Twitter across six countries, Information, Communication & Society, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1347-1364, 2017.

A. Gonawela, P. Joyojeet, U. Thawani, E. Van-der-vlugt, and W. Out, Speaking Their Mind: Populist Style and Antagonistic Messaging in the Tweets of Donald Trump, Narendra Modi, Nigel Farage, and Geert Wilders, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol.27, pp.293-326, 2018.

A. Gris?inas, Central Marginality: Minorities, Images, and Victimhood in Central-Eastern Europe, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, vol.23, issue.1, pp.66-80, 2017.

A. Haller and K. Holt, Paradoxical Populism: How PEGIDA Relates to Mainstream and Alternative Media, Information, Communication & Society, vol.22, pp.1665-1680, 2018.

K. Hawkins, R. Kaltwasser, and C. , The Ideational Approach to Populism, Latin American Research Review, vol.52, issue.4, pp.513-528, 2017.

D. Hopmann, F. Esser, and C. H. De-vreese, How we did it : Approach and methods, Comparing political communication, pp.10-21, 2017.

J. Jagers and S. Walgrave, Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties' discourse in Belgium, European Journal of Political Research, vol.46, issue.3, pp.319-345, 2007.

U. Klinger and J. Svensson, The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach, New Media & Society, vol.17, issue.8, pp.1241-1257, 2015.

B. Krämer, Populist online practices: the function of the Internet in right-wing populism, Information, Communication & Society, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1293-1309, 2017.

H. Kriesi and T. Pappas, Populism in Europe during crisis : an introduction, European populism in the shadow of the great recession, pp.1-19, 2015.

. Krippendorff's-alpha,

M. Lombard, J. Snyder-duch, and C. Bracken, Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of inter coder reliability, Human Communication Research, vol.28, issue.4, pp.587-604, 2002.

B. Moffitt, The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation, 2016.

C. Mudde, Government and Opposition, pp.541-563, 2004.

C. Mudde, R. Kaltwasser, and C. , Populism and political leadership, 2014.

C. Mudde, R. Kaltwasser, and C. , Populism: A Very Short Introduction, 2017.

C. Mudde, Government and Opposition, vol.39, pp.542-563, 2004.

M. Mumford, Pathways to Outstanding Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Charismatic, Ideological, and Pragmatic Leaders, 2006.

, The Oxford handbook of political leadership, pp.376-388

M. Rooduijn, S. L. De-lange, and W. Van-der-brug, A Populist Zeitgeist? Programmatic Contagion by Populist Parties in Western Europe, Party Politics, pp.563-75, 2014.

P. Rössler, International Communication Association handbook series: Handbook of comparative communication research, pp.459-468, 2012.

J. Stanyer, S. Salgado, and J. Strömbäck, Populist Actors as Communicators or Political Actors as Populist Communicators: Cross-National Findings and Perspectives, 2017.

F. Aalberg, C. Esser, and . Reinemann, , pp.353-64

V. Taylor and N. Whittier, Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, pp.104-133, 1992.

N. Urbinati, Me The People: How Populism Transforms Democracy, 2019.

P. Vermeersch, Victimhood as victory: The role of memory politics in the process of de-Europeanisation in East-Central Europe, Global Discourse, vol.9, issue.1, pp.113-143, 2019.

, Volby do Evropského parlamentu konané na území ?eské republiky ve dnech, 2019.

K. Weyland, Populism: A political strategic approach, The Oxford Handbook of Populism, pp.53-83, 2017.

W. Wirth, F. Esser, S. Engesser, D. Wirz, A. Schulz et al., The appeal of populist ideas, strategies, and styles: A theoretical model and research design for analysing populist political communication, Zurich: NCCR Democracy, pp.1-16, 2016.

M. Zulianello, A. Albertini, and D. Ceccobelli, A Populist Zeitgeist? The Communication Strategies of Western and Latin American Political Leaders on Facebook, The International Journal of Press/Politics, vol.23, issue.4, pp.439-457, 2018.