, I am grateful to Jon Abbink and Tobias Hagmann for their insightful comments. I particularly thank Tobias Hagmann for funding of archival research in Addis Ababa in February, 2010.
, Lenin was critical of the Russian social democratic party which considered economic action (strikes) as the best way to fight the Tsars. See Löwy
, Relations industrielles, p.376
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, La Corruption de la relation, pp.140-141
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, The EPRDF is a coalition formed under the auspices of the still dominant TPLF at the end of the 1980 and the beginning of the 1990s. It comprises four political parties: the TPLF, the Amhara National Democratic Movement, the Oromo People's Democratic Organization and the Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Front
, On the origin and formation of the TPLF, see Young, Peasant Revolution; Aregawi, A Political History
, See also Vaughan and Tronvoll, The Culture of Power, 113Á14; Paulos, ''Ethiopia, the TPLF
, Competing Ethnic Nationalisms
, Peasant Revolution
,
, On the foundation of MLLT, see Aregawi, A Political History, pp.169-92
, The Culture of Power, p.114
, TPLF: Reform or Decline?
, The Culture of Power, pp.73-77
, For an illustration of the ANC in South Africa, see Darracq
, A Political History
, TPLF: Reform or Decline?
, See also Vaughan and Tronvoll, The Culture of Power, 121Á2; Paulos, ''Ethiopia, the TPLF
, Briefing
, Post-2005 Interlude, p.3
, Power Á Mengist Á and Peasants: Post-2005 Interlude'', 442; Tronvoll
, Discomfiture of Democracy?, p.195
, Ethiopian Political Culture Strikes Back''; Aalen and Tronvoll, Ethiopian Local Elections, 2008.
, On the distinction between institutions and practices, see Aalen, Ethnic Federalism in a Dominant Party State, for an illustration of federal institutions vs. authoritarian practices, see Abbink, Ambiguous Elections
, Amharic to English, like interviews from the governmental newspaper Addis Zemen (the Amharic version of The Ethiopian Herald), the 1983 EC EPRDF Revolutionary Democracy Program, or pre-electoral debates broadcasted by Ethiopian TV before the 2010 general elections
, Bashing Liberalism
, To be (a Neoliberal) or not to be (a Liberal
, Adal's answer, ''Revolutionary Democracy vs. Liberal Democracy
, Post-2005 Interlude, pp.442-445
, EPRDF, p.27
, Hailemariam Desalegn has been nominated Deputy Chairperson of EPRDF and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2010.
, First six-party debate, on democracy, 2010.
, Party Politics and Political Culture in Ethiopia
, The End of Democracy?''; Tronvoll, 2005.
, A Proclamation on Anti-Terrorism
, A Proclamation to Provide for Freedom of the Mass Media and Access to Information''; numbers of daily and weekly newspapers have been closed since the 2005 general elections. The Prime Minister Meles Zenawi himself announced the end of Voice of America and Deutsche Welle broadcasting in Ethiopia during the 2010 election period
, 37. For instance, during the first six-party debate on democracy, the EPRDF was allotted 3/8 of airtime
, Dead End Neo-Liberal Paradigm
,
, For a good summary of the recent developments on democracy and participation see Blondiaux, Le Nouvel Esprit de la démocratie
,
,
, Principes et limites de la démocratie libérale
,
, For an opposite view considering the regular holding of multi-party elections in Africa as improving democracy, see Lindberg, Democracy and Elections in Africa
, Diversity and Democracy in Ethiopia, p.176
,
, La Difficile Consolidation des transitions démocratiques
, Autoritarismes démocratiques et démocraties autoritaires
, The End of Democracy?, p.203
, Although the mass organizations were officially separated from the ruling party in 1997, their relationships remain very close. See Vaughan and Tronvoll, The Culture of Power, p.115
,
, 524. Gem gema is a process of ''evaluation'' and ''self-criticism'' inherited from the TPLF's internal organization, 1991.
, The Development Lines of Revolutionary Democracy, p.121
, On gem gema, see Paulos, ''Ethiopia, the TPLF''; Medhane and Young
, Ethnic Federalism in a Dominant Party State; Young, Peasant Revolution
, The party membership was estimated at 760,000 in 2005. See Tronvoll, ''Briefing, p.12
, Report to 7th Congress, 4Á5. See also Lefort, Power Á Mengist Á and Peasants: Post-2005 Interlude
, Woreda and kebele are administrative divisions. The latter are inherited from the previous regime
, EPRDF, p.97
, La Corruption de la relation d'aide, p.61
, Post-2005 Interlude.'' 63. EPRDF, Statute, p.1
, EC); see also Fontrier, La Chute de la junte militaire éthiopienne, 1983.
, , 1983.
,
,
, Dead End Neo-Liberal Paradigm
, Hailemariam Desalegn, six-party debate on federalism
, within the CC, and adopted in Februray by the latter. It leads to the TPLF CC Split in March, the exclusion of dissidents and the reinforcement of Meles at the top of the TPLF-EPRDF and the state. Some extracts were published in The Reporter magazine in Amharic and commented by Paulos; see Paulos, ''Ethiopia, the TPLF, Meles Zenawi presents a Report to the TPLF Central Committee (CC) about ''Bonapartism, 2000.
, Amharic, was elaborated in the aftermath of the crisis. See Medhane and Young, vol.43, pp.120-155
, Post-2005 Interlude
, EPRDF, pp.12-13
, Strategy of Revolutionary Democracy, I thank Lefort who provided me with this EPRDF internal discussion paper
, Democracy and Revolutionary Democracy
,
, Dead End Neo-Liberal Paradigm
,
,
, EPRDF, pp.39-40
, The Ethiopian Second Republic''; Paulos, ''Ethiopia, the TPLF
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, , vol.54, p.55
, Cf. the ''three phases'' in the EPRDF internal document, Development, Democracy, and Revolutionary Democracy, 26Á7 and 57Á8
, The Stages of Economic Development
, The Structure of Political Conflict
,
, For a critical study of these theories, see Badie, Le Développement politique
, Dead End Neo-Liberal Paradigm
, De la socio-utopie à la techno-utopie.'' 94. Young, Peasant Revolution
, The Ethiopian Revolution, 311Á42; Tronvoll, War and the Politics of Identity in Ethiopia
, For an illustration, see EPRDF, The Development Lines of Revolutionary Democracy, p.66
, A Political History
, within the CC, and adopted in February by the latter. It led to the TPLF CC split in March, the exclusion of dissidents and the reinforcement of Meles at the top of the TPLF-EPRDF and the state. Some extracts were published in The Reporter magazine in Amharic and commented by Paulos Milkias, Reform or Decline?'' 100, 2000.
, Aregawi is here referring to the 1985 exclusions, during which he was himself expelled from the Central Committee and the TPLF. Aregawi, A Political History, p.181
, The EPRP was one of the most important Marxist movements within the 1960Á1970s Ethiopian Student movement. The TPLF and EPRP fought against each other during the struggle until the TPLF took the advantage. The EPRP did not manage/was not allowed to come back on the Ethiopian political scene after the fall of the Derg. See Young, Peasants Revolution; Vaughan and Tronvoll, The Culture of Power. The AAPO, though ethnically based, defended a ''pan-Ethiopian'' and unitary agenda after 1991, against the EPRDF federalism. The AAPO neither managed to enter the political scene. See Kassahun
, Briefing
, Revolutionary Democracy vs. Liberal Democracy
, , p.85
, The same articles, pamphlets and news supporting the Ethiopian government and opposing international critics are to be found indifferently on different official or affiliated websites such as, among others, Aigaforum
, Office for Government Communication Affairs (OGCA), ''No Amount of External Pressure Can Force Ethiopia
, Neo-liberal behind US State Department, HRW Reports.'' 111. On authoritarian restoration, see Aalen and Tronvoll
, La Révolution russe, cited in Löwy, p.26
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