J. Abbink, New configurations of Ethiopian ethnicity: The challenge of the South. To the memory of Jacques Bureau 1947-1998, Northeast African Studies, vol.5, pp.59-81, 1998.

J. Abbink, Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath, African Affairs, issue.419, pp.173-199, 2006.

J. Abbink, The Ethiopian Second Republic and the fragile "social contract, Africa Spectrum, vol.44, issue.2, pp.3-28, 2009.

, Adwa Victory Centenary Conference, 1996.

J. Aberra, The making of constitution in Ethiopia: The centralization and decentralization of the administration, New trends in Ethiopian studies, Papers of the 12 th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University 5-10, vol.II, pp.66-78, 1994.

S. Ancel, Épiscopat et encadrement des pratiques religieuses en Éthiopie chrétienne contemporaine: Caractéristiques et évolutions. Doctorat d'histoire contemporaine en études africaines, Institut des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, 2006.

B. Aregawi, A political history of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991). Revolt, ideology and mobilisation in Ethiopia, 2009.

F. Assefa, Theory versus practice in the implementation of Ethiopia's ethnic federalism, pp.131-164, 2006.

J. Bach, Centre, périphérie, conflit et formation de l'État depuis Ménélik II: Les crises de et dans l'État éthiopien (XIX e siècle -XXI e siècle). Thèse de doctorat en science politique, Les Afriques dans le Monde, 2011.

J. Bach, Compromising with Ethiopianness: The Ethiopian Festival of the Millennium, North East African Studies, vol.3, issue.2, pp.93-121, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00934922

C. Barnes and T. Osmond, L'après État-nation en Éthiopie: Changement de forme plus que d'habitudes?, Politique Africaine, vol.99, pp.7-21, 2005.

R. Bertrand, Vérités d'empire(s). La question des continuités du colonial au prisme de l'histoire impériale comparée (document de travail), Fasopo, p.24, 2006.

P. Brown, Le monde de l'antiquité tardive de Marc Aurèle à Mahomet, 1971.

J. Burbank and F. Cooper, Empire, droits et citoyenneté, de 212 à 1946, Editions de l'Ehess, 63 e année, p.22, 2008.

J. Burbank and F. Cooper, Nouvelles" colonies et "vieux" empires. Mil neuf cent. Revue d'histoire intellectuelle, vol.1, p.22, 2009.

J. Bureau, Éthiopie. Un drame impérial et rouge, 1987.

C. Clapham, Transformation and continuity in revolutionary Ethiopia, 1989.

C. Clapham, Rewriting Ethiopian history. Annales d'Éthiopie, vol.18, pp.37-54, 2002.

C. Clapham, W. James, L. Donham, and E. Kurimoto, Controlling space in Ethiopia, Remapping Ethiopia, socialism and after, pp.9-32, 2002.

A. M. Dias, An inter-state war in the post-cold war era, 1998.

H. Erlich, Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa, 1996.

M. Fontrier, La chute de la junte militaire éthiopienne, L'Harmattan-Aresae, 1987.

A. Gascon, La Grande Éthiopie, une utopie africaine, 1995.

A. Gascon, Sur les hautes terres comme au ciel, identités et territoires en Éthiopie, 2006.

A. Gascon, L'Éthiopie tendra les mains vers Dieu: 2000 ans d'État éthiopien. L'Espace politique, pp.7-8, 2009.

T. Gebru, Ethiopia: Power and protest, peasant revolts in the twentieth century, 1996.

T. Gebru, The Ethiopian revolution, war in the Horn of Africa, 2009.

, The battle of Adwa. Reflexions on Ethiopia's historic victory against European colonialism, 2005.

P. Gilkes, Les élections de, L'Ethiopie contemporaine, pp.407-415, 2005.

A. Ababa and &. Paris,

R. Girardet, Mythes et mythologies politiques, 1986.

P. Henze, Histoire de l'Éthiopie. L'oeuvre du temps, 2004.

, Ethiopia: Ethnic federalism and its discontents, 2009.

, Unfinished business. Ethiopia and Eritrea at war, 2005.

W. Kymlicka, Emerging Western models of multination federalism: Are they relevant for Africa, pp.32-64, 2006.

R. Lefort, Éthiopie: La révolution hérétique?, 1981.

D. M. Levine, Meles Zenawi and the politics of ethnicity, Ethiopian Review, vol.2, issue.9, pp.14-17, 1992.

T. Lyons, Avoiding conflict in the Horn of Africa: U.S. policy toward Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, 2006.

M. Maimire, Adwa: A dialogue between the past and present, Northeast African Studies, vol.4, issue.2, pp.43-89, 1997.

M. Maimire, The battle of Adwa. Reflexions on Ethiopia's historic victory against European colonialism, pp.253-301, 2005.

J. Markakis, Garrison socialism: The case of Ethiopia, MERIP Reports, Middle East Research and Information Project, vol.79, p.31, 1979.

C. Mcclellan, Observations on the Ethiopian nation, its nationalism, and the Italo-Ethiopian war, Northeast African Studies, vol.3, issue.1, pp.57-86, 1996.

T. Medhane, The Eritrean-Ethiopian war: Retrospect and prospect, 1999.

T. Medhane and J. Young, TPLF: Reform or decline, Journal of African Political Economy, vol.30, issue.97, pp.389-403, 2003.

G. Merera, Ethiopia: Competing ethnic nationalisms and the quest for democracy, 1960.

G. Merera, Contradictory interpretations of Ethiopian history: The need for a new consensus, pp.119-129, 2006.

F. Piguet, Échec de la politique d'ouverture et dérives post-électorales: Rapport relatif à la situation intérieure en Éthiopie, en lien avec les dossiers des requérants d'asile éthiopiens en instance d'expulsion dans le canton de Vaud, 2006.

W. Schmidt, Parlamentswahlen in Äthiopien, Africa Spectrum, vol.40, issue.2, pp.319-330, 2005.

G. Tareke, Ethiopia: Power and protest, 1996.

, Brothers at war: Making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war, 2000.

K. Tronvoll, War & the politics of identity in Ethiopia. The making of enemies & allies in the Horn of Africa, 2009.

, Contested power in Ethiopia. Traditional authorities and multi-party elections, 2012.

D. Turton, Ethnic federalism: The Ethiopian experience in comparative perspective, 2006.

S. Vaughan, The Addis Ababa Transitional Conference of, 1991.

S. Vaughan, Revolutionary democratic state-building: Party, state and people in the EPRDF's Ethiopia, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol.5, issue.4, pp.619-640, 2011.

A. Worku, Tribalism rules in Ethiopia, New African, 1993.

J. Young, The Tigray and Eritrean Liberation Fronts: A history of tensions and pragmatism, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol.34, issue.1, pp.105-120, 1996.

J. Young, Peasant revolution in Ethiopia. The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975.

. Eprdf, Our Revolutionary Democratic Goals and the Next Step, 1985.

E. Register, , 1996.

, Since the first Flag day in 2008, the national Ethiopian flag has been celebrated every year, on different dates

, On the war, its causes and its aftermaths, see among others Tekeste & Tronvoll, 2000.

J. Plaut, , 2005.

. Dias, , 2008.

, I shall define Ethiopianness as a nationalist discourse based on a conception of the Ethiopian national identity as transcending people's particular identities, 1995.

, The war exacerbated internal tensions first within the TPLF and then in the other parties of the coalition. Meles Zenawi eventually imposed his views and TPLF "strong nationalist" members were expelled (like Gebru Asrate, former president of Tigray Region), See Medhane & Young, 2003.

, It opposed the Italian army and its locally recruited soldiers (askari) going south from their colony in Eritrea (about 10 000 men) to the huge Ethiopian imperial army led by Menilek II and its generals (Ras) coming from all the Ethiopian empire (about 100 000 men). The Italian army was eventually defeated, The battle occurred in the night and morning of the 1 st of March, 1896, 1997.

. Mcclellan, , p.63, 1996.

, This number, as exaggerated as it appears, is quoted by Berhanu Legesse, 1996.

B. Legesse, In memory of Oromos martyrs at Chelenko", op. cit.; Getachew Kejela, The Ethiopian Herald, pp.89-124, 1992.

, These ideas were confirmed in an interview of Meles Zenawi by Donald Levine published the same month, The Ethiopian Herald, vol.14, 1992.

, President Meles Zenawi replies to questions posed by journalists, The Ethiopian Herald, vol.23, 1992.

, It is for instance revealing that conflicts are no longer considered to be ethnic from then on, Ethiopianness, a right, not obligation: Meles, vol.23, p.25, 1992.

. Ibid,

, According to the 2007 Census published by the Central Statistical Agency, the Oromo region covers about 280 000 km 2 and contains 36,5 % of the Ethiopian population

. Vanguard, , p.3, 1977.

A. Gascon, L'actuelle république (?) a amputé 1 000 ans de son histoire préférant se référer au royaume d'Aksum, 2009.

, Adwa centenary worthier than commemorations of Normandy landings, See also the proceedings of the conference given at this occasion, 1996.

, Operation Sunset culminates in success, The Ethiopian Herald, 1999.

, The Ethiopian Herald, 28 th, 1999.

, AAPO leaders speak out, Ethiopian Review, pp.15-16, 1993.

, The United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF, or Hibrät) led by the Addis Ababa University Professors Merera Gudina (Oromo National Congress) and Beyene Petros (Ethiopian Social Democratic Federal Party), represents the second most important coalition challenging EPRDF's power in 2005. Contrary to the CUD, the UEDF did not reject multinational federalism, but condemned what they considered authoritarian practices and EPRDF's monopolization of power. UEDF is composed of Ethiopian-based parties (mainly in the Southern regions) as well as exiled groups (in the United States). The coalition strongly criticizes EPRDF for the issue of the 1998-2000 war, the main components of the CUD were: the All-Ethiopian Unity Party, the United Ethiopia Democratic Party-Medhin, the Ethiopian Democratic League, and Rainbow Ethiopia, vol.ICG, 2004.

, Among those arrested were: Berhanu Nega, Mesfin Wolde-Maryam, Bertukan Mideksa, Haylu Shawel

, European Union Election Observation Mission, Final Report, 2005.

, the Festival of the Millennium celebrated the 2000 years of Ethiopian history, 2007.

, One hundred ways of putting pressure: Violations of freedom expression and association in Ethiopia, Human Rights Watch, 2010.

L. Ayalew, These abstracts are unofficial translations from Amharic, 2010.

, Six-party debate, Ethiopian Television, First Part, 2010.

, After the 2005 elections, the CUD disintegrated and many parties left the Coalition (Lidetu Ayalew's Ethiopian Democratic Unity Party was one of them), so that the CUD in 2005 is far from being as strong as in, 2005.

, Six-party debate, Ethiopian Television, First Part, 2010.

, Forum") in 2010 whose main leaders were professors Merera Gudina and Beyene Petros. These groups criticize EPRDF's policies and "authoritarian practices

J. Bach and «. Eprdf, s Nation-Building: Tinkering with convictions and pragmatism », Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, vol.27, 2014.