S. G. Liu, One Hundred Years of the National Museum: Singapore 1887-1987, 1987.

S. Hasan, Management Practices in two of the Oldest Museums in Malaysia, for further information on the oldest museums in Malaysia, 2018.

L. Jun, Hanyu "bowuguan" "bowuyuyuan" de chansheng ji shiyong ? "yi 19 shiji waihan zidian ? zhonhgwen baokan wei zhongxin ??"???, ???"??????--? 19 ???? ???????????

, A discussion based on foreign-Chinese dictionaries and 19 th -century Chinese newspapers), Dongnan wenhua ????, vol.251, p.98, 2016.

M. Rogéro and . Puga, The First Museum in China: The British Museum of Macao (1829-1834), and its Contribution to Nineteenth-Century British Natural Science, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series, vol.3, pp.575-586, 2012.

C. Wan-chen, A Cross-cultural Perspective on Musealization: The Museum's Reception by China and Japan in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century, vol.10, p.19, 2012.

T. Hamlish, Preserving the Palace: Museums and the Making of Nationalism(s) in Twentiethcentury China, Museum Anthropology, vol.19, issue.2, p.22, 1995.

, The Xiamen Huaqiao bowuguan was closed during the Cultural Revolution, but it reopened in 1978. The museum is currently under the supervision of Xiamen municipality

B. Sellato, As regards the Republic of Singapore, we only traced one private institution, the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall, housed in the Wanqingyuan ??? Villa, once the Southeast Asian headquarters for Sun Yat Sen's revolutionary activities. It belongs to the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Sultans' Palaces and Museums in Indonesian Borneo: National Policies, Political Decentralization, Cultural Depatrimonization, Identity Relocalization, vol.89, pp.128-132, 1950.

, Modern and contemporary art galleries emanating from successful entrepreneurs of Chinese origin, that have a different vocation, are left aside. For an overview of the way public museums started to introduce Peranakan culture displays in the Muzium Negara KL (in 1963), in Penang State Museum (in 1965), and in National Museum Singapore (in 1985), see Kenson Kwok, Peranakan Communities in the Era of Decolonization and Globalization, pp.115-125, 2015.

, For the few museums we were not able to visit, we made use of relevant information mainly found online, as well as in various articles

S. Carolyn and L. Cartier, Creating Historic Open Space in Melaka, The Dead, Place/Space and Social Activism: Constructing the Nationscape in Historic Melaka, vol.83, pp.555-586, 1993.

, Since the early 1990s at least, they have produced various articles which have appeared in the local Chinese media and eventually in book form. Such as Tan Ah Chai ???, Liu hen yu yihen, Wenhua guji yu huaren yishan ??????????????? (To preserve the roots or to regret, Cultural relics and cemeteries), 2000.

, Ong Seng Hwat ???, Malaixiya huaren yishan yu muzang wenhua ???????????

, Sisheng qikuo: Jilongpo Guangdong yishan mubei yu tuwen jiyao ????? ?????????????? / For Life or for death, however separated. Important tombs, Epigraphs, documents of Kwongtong cemetery Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Centre for Malaysian Chinese Studies & The Association of Kwong Tong Cemetery Management Kuala Lumpur, Festschrift of The Founding of Kwong Tong Cemetery 119 Years (????????????????????? ???), 2001.

, The Chinese proper names in use in Insulindia are given according to their local romanization, and the standard pronunciation in putonghua ??? is exclusively used when the former is not known. 13. This system was abolished in 1911 or so and replaced by direct administration

C. S. See and . Wong, For the presentation of the museum, see Iola Lenzi, A Gallery of Chinese Kapitans, pp.77-80, 1963.

P. See and . Lim-pui-huen, Issued under the auspices of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, and the Institute Sultan Iskandar, Times Editions, 2002.

, At age 87, this determined sensei, not content with just retiring, went on to pursue his doctorate in Hong Kong. He passed away in 2007 at the age of 97, see Museum Recaptures Spirit of Late Entrepreneur, 2018.

. Salma-khoo-nasution, Curating the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base, Peranakan Chinese in a Globalizing Southeast Asia, p.171, 2010.

S. Inter-alia and C. T. Yong, Tan Kah-kee, the Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend, 1987.

. See, In memory of Lim Lian Geok

K. Soong-kua and . Lim-lian-geok, The Soul of Malaysian Chinese, 2010.

, founded in 2012 by Peter Soon Seng Mah, the owner of Penang's Peranakan Mansion, to showcase his impressive collection of nyonya jewels; see Museum Director Lilian Tong, Straits Chinese Gold Jewellery, The Private Collection of Peter Soon, If we except the Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum of Malacca (N° 17), 2014.

, Towkay Leong Fee @ Liang Pi Joo -His Life Story in Brief' db.ipohworld.org/view/id/3989, 2018.

, Malaysian mining town's Chinese Hakka heritage is under threat, despite efforts to keep the history alive, 2018.

, With over 35 years' experience dealing in precious metals, Tan Sri Datuk Teck is a respected authority in gold, silver, platinum and their alloys as well as other precious stones. He has served as President of Persekutuan Persatuan-Persatuan Peniaga Emas dan Permata Malaysia for six years, Tan Sri Dr Datuk Ng Teck Fong, second generation Hakka born in Malacca in 1937, is the founder of Tomei Consolidated Berhad ????, and has been its Chairman since, 2006.

, A Visit to Malaysian Chinese Museum on 30/05, 2018.

, For the sad fate of the Candra Naya building in West Jakarta, formerly home to the Khouw ? family of Tambun, Bekasi, see inter alia Naniek Widayati, Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, vol.31, pp.95-112, 1996.

, PT Sampoerna Strategic, through its subsidiaries, operates in agriculture, telecom, property, finance, and timber sectors. See Sujoko Efferin, Silvia Margaretha & Aris Suryaputra, Twinwood ranch in Texas, and through the Putera Sampoerna Foundation, pp.88-111, 2001.

, The proceeds of which, we read on the book cover, "will be channeled through Putera Sampoerna Foundation

M. Sampoerna, The Sampoerna Legacy. A Family & Business History, 2007.

S. Inter-alia-michael and R. Godley, The Mandarin-capitalists from Nanyang. Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernization of China 1893-1911, 1981.

, Introduction to the works of Queeny Chang, Kisah Hidup Queeny Chang: Anak Tjong A Fie Orang Terkaya di Medan, vol.24, pp.235-240, 1982.

S. Dirk and A. Buiskool, The Chinese Commercial Elite of Medan, 1890-1942: The Penang Connection, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol.82, issue.2, p.115, 2009.

, Tjong Yong Hian) to commemorate the foundation of the temple dedicated in Guangong in Medan that is published in Wolfgang Franke ? ?? in collaboration with, Chinese Epigraphic Materials in Indonesia ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ?, pp.82-83, 1988.

, Tjong Yong Hian's former mansion was used as the office of the Chinese Consulate after Chang Pu Ching (Zhang Buqing) ??? (1885-1963, eldest son of Tjong Yong Hian) had been successively appointed consul in 1916, and consul general in 1926. The house was pulled down at an unknown date

, The worst-damaged part of the roof on Tjong A Fie Mansion (about one third of the total roof area) was repaired thanks to the USA AFCP Grant in 2013, see tjongafiemansion, 2018.

. See, ?. Chandra-;-rao-ganzhong, and Y. Zhang-yongxuan-xianxian-shi-shi-yibaizhounian-jinian-wenji-?????????-?-?-?-?-?-?-?-?-kaifan-chui-fenyao-qianqiu-?-?-?-?-?-?-?, Printed by Intan Printing; English version: Tjong Yong Hian: Legacy of a Great Leader, Huang Langhua ??? zhubian ??, Huaqiao zhi guang ????. Zhang Rongxuan Zhang Yaoxuan Zhang Buqing xueshu yantaohui wenji ????????????? ???, Beijing: Zhongguo huaqiao chubanshe, 2011. Two collections of essays by Zhang Yunan, Haiguo gongyu jilu ??????, Zhang Yunan, Haiguo gongyu zazhu ??????, that were reprinted in 2005 at the initiative of Zhang Hongjun (Chang Hung Kui) ???, great grandson of Tjong Yong Hian are reserved for special guests particularly, 2011.

T. Yong-hian, Worthy of note, a transcript of Tjong Yong Hian's "Maoyingtang ji" is given in Rao Ganzhong, Yinni Zhang Yongxuan xianxian shi shi yibaizhounian jinian wenji, pp.224-225, 2013.

S. James and R. Rush, Opium to Java. Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, p.74, 1990.

, Chinese Epigraphic Materials in Indonesia ???????????, vol.1, pp.112-113, 1997.

, Melajak jejak sejarah kapiten Souw Beng Kong di Kawasan kota tua Jakarta indonesiafeature

T. Xianzhi, ?. , and E. , Chinese Epigraphic Materials in Indonesia ???????????, vol.18, pp.6-1182, 1929.

J. G. Sumatra and . Butcher, According to another tradition the Chinese of Bagansiapiapi migrated from, vol.62, p.92, 1996.

, Benteng is a Malay/Indonesian term which means "fortress" and refers here to the two bastions constructed one by the Dutch, and the other by the Bantanese, on either side of the river Cisedane in the 17 th century. The term Benteng, transcribed as Wendeng ?? (Benteng in Minanhua), was and still is used by local Chinese Indonesians to designate the old city of Tangerang

, The oldest inscription inside the temple located near the old market is dated 1801

U. Halim and B. Heritage, The guide also presents the rehabilitation of the old house, and how the stone Chinese inscription of 1873, commemorating the repair of a staircase leading to the Cisadane River, 2011.

S. Ge, Note sur le Musée-bibliothèque des Chinois peranakan de Tangerang, Archipel, vol.93, p.219, 2017.

S. Shi-xueqin and ?. , Wenhua chuancheng yu jiti jiyi goujian: Dangdai yinni huaren lishi jiniangan de gongneng fenxi ??????????????????????????? ?, pp.36-37, 2016.

A. To and Y. Kitamura, idea of the Chinese Indonesian Cultural Park was conceived and by whom. However, at this point, it is the project of the PSMTI", see, Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, vol.768, 2007.

, As a matter of fact, the first and only President that mentioned Peranakan Tionghoa as an Indonesian suku (suku Peranakan Tionghoa) was Soekarno, as noted by Leo Suryadinata (private communication), p.186, 2014.

S. Tedy and J. , Museum as Representation of Ethnicity: The Chinese Indonesian Ethnic Identity in Post Suharto Indonesia", which provides a detailed overview of the museum and park construction plans, their planners, and the various problems encountered until 2006, as well as the aborted project of relocating the Candra Naya building from Jalan Gajah Mada, pp.215-218

, Diterbitkan oleh Museum Hakka Indonesia & Perkumpulan Hakka Indonesia Sejahtera, p.15, 2015.

, Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent, A Biographical Dictionary, vol.1, pp.949-952, 2012.

C. Banlee and ?. , 1899-1965) was an industrialist, community leader, and art collector, A Biographical Dictionary, vol.1, pp.142-144

L. See, . Shangyuan, C. ???, and . Jianhua, ????Feilübin Huaqiao kang ri youji zhidui ?????????????Xianggang: Xianggang guangjiaojing chubanshe, 1980.

A. Tan, The Chinese in the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation 1942-1945, 1981.

, PH's first Chinatown Museum set to open, The Manila Times, Friday, 2018.

, The text is an amalgam of information from a variety of sources but in particular Days Gone By. Growing up in Penang, 2007.

. Ipoh, When Tin was King, 2009.

D. Ho and T. Ming, Sybil de Roquigny, another great-granddaughter of Towkay Leong Fee whose maiden name was Sybil Wong Sui Mei, and other local writers who have contributed oddments over the years, 58. To connect Zainul Arfin Street (Calcutta Straat) and Gajah Mada Street

, with the Legal Act of Syafnil Gani No. 21 in Medan. The objective of the Trust is to promote heritage awareness in Sumatra. The Founder of Pan-Sumatra Network for Heritage Conservation with 15 heritage societies members from all over Sumatra, The Sumatra Heritage Trust is a non-profit and non-government, 1998.

. Ceritamedan, Jalan Bogor menjadi Jalan Tong Yong Hian, 2018.

, Museum Hakka Indonesia ??????? Indonesian Hakka Museum, p.10

, Pledge by which they vowed to recognize one Indonesian motherland, one Indonesian people, and one Indonesian language

, Worth noting, unlike the history museums of the Philippines and Malaysia that have special sections on the darkest hours of the Japanese occupation, those of Indonesia are rather silent, although in West Kalimantan especially the population from all communities was cruelly repressed, because of its attempts to resist the invaders. However, in Mandor a memorial to victims of the Japanese massacre was built after 1970, see Mary Somers Heidhues, Gold Diggers, Farmers and Traders in the "Chinese Districts, pp.197-208, 2003.

E. Maulia, Hero Awards Given to three Noted figures, The Jakarta Post, 2009.

, The 31th Baba Nyonya Convention, pp.23-25, 2018.

, Such as the Republic Act N0 4846 or Cultural Properties and Protection Act signed by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1966, for Malaysia, the National Heritage Bill 2005, and the State of Penang Heritage Bill 2011; for Indonesia: Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomer 5 Tahun 1992 tentang Benda Cagar Budaya; update of 2010: Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomer 11 Tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya. For a historical overview of the national policies on museums, see also Sellato, Sultans' Palaces and Museums in Indonesian Borneo: National Policies, Political Decentralization, Cultural Depatrimonalization, Identity Relocalization, pp.130-132, 1950.

, Fw: pendirian Yayan (Nirlaba) Mitra Museum Indonesia (Indonews (s) Tue, vol.36, pp.23-0800, 2018.

, Perda Kota Medan, issue.6, 1998.

, Universitas Brawijaya [State university comprising nine campus, the main one being in Malang, Antariksa (Urusan Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya), Turniningtyas (Jurusan Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya), vol.1, 2018.

, Bagaimana mendirikan sebuah museum Oleh: museumku | 14, 2010.

, Sun Yat Sen in Penang, 2008.

. Salma-khoo-nasution, Sun Yat Sen Penang Base is not a museum that collects and conserves valuable artefacts, nor is it a 'memorial hall' that enshrines the memory of the historical personality. Instead, it is more of a historic house museum with an educational display about Sun Yat Sen in Penang, pp.170-183

. Including-khoo-su-nin, Streets of George Town Penang. An Illustrated Guide to Penang's City Streets & Historic Attractions, 1993.

, Melissa Chan was a graphic designer, with a background in making visual forms of communication and interaction, melissachan, 2018.

S. Freek-colomijin, I am a Singer: A Conversation with Johan Silas, Architect and Urban Planner in Surabaya, vol.102, pp.7-30, 2016.

, the museum's attendance numbers have significantly improved since 2005, when it would only get 1,500 to 2,000 visitors per month. The number of monthly visitors is now 17,000, with the figure rising to 19,000 on busier months. Many museums have now gone on to copy House of Sampoerna's sightseeing tourism concept. Museum heads from Yogyakarta have also visited House of Sampoerna to learn more about its visitor-friendly method of hospitality and communications, 2018.

W. Gungwu, The Peranakan Phenomenon: Pre-national, Marginal, and Transnational, Peranakan Chinese in a Globalizing Southeast Asia, p.15

A. Abu-talib, Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia, p.261, 2015.

S. Shi-xueqin and ?. , Wenhua chuancheng yu jiti jiyi goujian: Dangdai yinni huaren lishi jiniangan de gongneng fenxi ??????????????????????????? ?

, Chronological List of Sino-Insulindian Private History Museums and Heritage Parks, 1984.

, ????????? 1985 2. Malacca: Baba-Nonya Heritage Museum, Muzium Warisan Baba Nyonya, ?????????, Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock N°, pp.48-50

:. Manila, B. House, . Tsinoy, K. ???????, . Heritage-center et al., , vol.32

, Penang: Sun Yat Sen Museum, ???????? formerly called Dr Sun Yat Sen Penang Base, ??????????, Lebuh Armenian, N°, vol.120, 2003.

, Surabaya: House of Sampoerna Museum, Jalan Taman Sampoerna N°, vol.6, 2004.

, Penang: Peranakan Mansion Museum, ??????? or ??????, former mansion of, 2006.

K. Lumpur, Kwong Tong Cemetery Museum, 2007.

, Kwong Tong Cemetery becomes a Heritage Park ????????

, Malacca: Cheng Ho Cultural Museum, Muzium Budaya Cheng Ho, ?????, Lorong Hang Jebat

, Jakarta: Tomb of [Captain] Souw Beng Kong

J. Bahru, Chinese Heritage Museum, Muzium warisan Tiong-Hoa Johor Bahru, ?????? ?????, Jalan Ibrahim N°, p.42

. Medan, Chinese Museum, vol.105, p.24, 2010.

, Tangerang: Museum of Chinese-Indonesian Culture, Museum Benteng Heritage, Museum Kebudayaan Indonesia Tionghoa Jalan Cilame N°.18 & 20, Pasar Lama 16. Medan: Tjong Yong Hian mansion and Gallery, ??????, Taman Kebun Bunga ?????????, p.108, 201217.

, Warung Muncang, Bandung Kulon 19. Tangerang: Museum Library of Chinese Peranakan Literature, Museum Pustaka Tionghoa Peranakan, Ruko Golden Road C28/25 CBD BSD, Bandung : Indonesian Chinese History Museum, ?????????, Museum Sejarah Etnis Tionghua Indonesia, Jalan Nana Rahana N°, vol.37, 2013.

, ??????? 2 nd floor, Jalan Maharajalela N°.1, Kampung Attap, Wilayah Persekutuan 21. Lasem: Large Gate House Museum, Rumah Lawang Ombo, Soditan 22. Lasem: Lasem Ladies Museum, Rumah Nyah Lasem, Karangturi Gang IV 24. Taiping: Old House Museum, ???????, ?????, Muzium Rumah Lama, Market Square N°, p.2

K. Lumpur, :. Memorial-lim-lian-geok, ?. , and J. Maharajalele, , vol.89, p.91

. Ipoh, Hakka miners' Club Museum, ???? ????????????, Jalan Bijeh Timah N°, vol.3, 201627.

K. Lumpur, Manila: Chinatown Heritage Museum, Lucky Chinatown Mall 4th floor Annex A, Reina Regente Street and De La Reina Street, Binondo 30. Lasem: Oei Family House, Malaysian Chinese Museum, ?????????, First floor of Wisma Huazong, Lot 15285, vol.29