R. Abell, M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat et al., Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation, BioScience, vol.58, issue.5, pp.403-414, 2008.

J. M. Adeney, N. L. Christensen, A. Vicentini, and M. Cohn-haft, White-sand ecosystems in Amazonia, Biotropica, vol.48, issue.1, pp.7-23, 2016.

A. Aguiar, R. I. Barbosa, J. B. Barbosa, and M. Mourão, Invasion of Acacia mangium in Amazonian savannas following planting for forestry, Plant Ecology & Diversity, vol.7, issue.1-2, pp.359-369, 2014.

A. Baglan and F. Catzeflis, Barn owl pellets collected in coastal savannas yield two additional species of small mammals for French Guiana, Mammalia, vol.80, issue.1, pp.91-95, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01836192

R. Barbosa, C. Campos, F. Pinto, and P. M. Fearnside, The "Lavrados" of Roraima: Biodiversity and conservation of Brazil's Amazonian savannas, Functional Ecosystems and Communities, vol.1, issue.1, pp.29-41, 2007.

G. Barth-el-emy, Le ro?le des Bossales dans l' emergence d'une culture de marronnage en Ha?¨ti, 1997.

D. Cahiers and . Africaines, , vol.37, pp.839-862

B. Beckage, W. J. Platt, and L. J. Gross, Vegetation, fire and feedbacks: A disturbance-mediated model of savannas, The American Naturalist, vol.174, issue.6, pp.805-818, 2009.

, Atlas des sites et espaces prot eg es de Guyane [Atlas of French Guiana's protected areas, 2014.

F. Cayenne, :. Guiana, and . Deal-guyane,

B. Buzanc¸ais, Caract erisation et identit e des savanes incluses de la R eserve Naturelle R egionale Tr esor (M emoire de Master, p.57, 2018.

W. D. Carvalho and K. Mustin, The highly threatened and little known Amazonian savannahs, Nature Ecology & Evolution, vol.1, 2017.

W. D. Carvalho, K. Mustin, R. R. Hilario, I. M. Vasconcelos, V. Eilers et al., Deforestation control in the Brazilian Amazon: A conservation struggle being lost as agreements and regulations are subverted and bypassed, Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, vol.9, pp.122-130, 2019.

M. Chaix, V. Hequet, M. Blanc, O. Tostain, T. Deville et al., Connaissance et conservation des savanes de Guyane (p. 108 þ Annexes, 2002.

F. Cayenne, ;. Guiana, and . Ifrd-wwf-guyane,

B. Cherubini, Une "soci et e d'habitation" a`la marge ou la r esistance d'un mod ele d'organisation sociale [Acadians in French Guiana (1765-1848): A "housing society" on the fringes, or the resistance of a model of social organization, Port Acadie : Revue Interdisciplinaire En E´tudes Acadiennes/Port Acadie : An Interdisciplinary Review in Acadian Studies, pp.147-172, 2008.

, The regional land use and development plan (SAR) / approved by a decree in the Council of State n2 016-931 from, p.481, 2016.

T. De-guyane-website, Liste des oiseaux de Guyane, version mars 2018 [List of birds from French Guiana, version of, Homologation de Guyane, 2018.

M. Comptour, S. Caillon, L. Rodrigues, and D. B. Mc-key, Wetland raised-field agriculture and its contribution to sustainability: Ethnoecology of a present-day African system and questions about pre-Columbian systems in the American tropics, Sustainability, vol.10, issue.9, p.3120, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02107273

,. De-granville, Forest flora and xeric flora refuges in French Guyane during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene, Biological diversification in the tropics: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of the Association for Tropical Biology, pp.159-181, 1979.

J. Granville, In Le littoral guyanais, fragilit e de l'environnement [Plant formations of the coastline of French Guiana. In The French Guiana's coast: fragility of the environment, 1986.

S. Colloque, , vol.10, pp.47-63

F. Cayenne and . Guiana,

C. Delnatte, The Guiana Shield and French Guiana and their savannas, Savannas: climate, biodiversity and ecological significance, pp.141-145, 2013.

C. Delnatte and J. Meyer, Plant introduction, naturalization, and invasion in French Guiana, 2011.

, Biological Invasions, vol.14, issue.5, pp.915-927

W. M. Denevan, Native American populations in 1492: Recent research and a revisited hemispheric estimate, The native population of the Americas in 1492, pp.17-38, 1992.

W. M. Denevan, Cultivated landscapes of native Amazonia and the Andes, 2001.

N. De-pracontal and M. Entraygues, Savanes de Guyane-Connaissances et Enjeux de Conservation, p.30, 2009.

F. Guiana and F. , Groupe d'Etude et de Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane

C. Dez-ecache, Etudes et techniques d' epuisement de la banque de graines d'Acacia mangium (M emoire de Master, p.62, 2013.

F. Guiana and F. , Universit e des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG) -Groupe d'Etude et de Protection des oiseaux en Guyane (GEPOG)

C. E. Doughty, S. Faurby, and J. C. Svenning, The impact of the megafauna extinctions on savanna woody cover in South America, Ecography, vol.39, issue.2, pp.213-222, 2016.

D. A. Driscoll, J. A. Catford, J. N. Barney, P. E. Hulme, T. G. Martin et al., New pasture plants intensify invasive species risk, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.111, issue.46, pp.16622-16627, 2014.

, ArcGIS desktop: Release 10, 2011.

G. Fernandes, M. Coelho, R. Machado, M. Ferreira, L. Aguiar et al., Afforestation of savannas: An impending ecological disaster, Natureza & Conservac¸ão, vol.14, pp.146-151, 2016.

. France, Arre?t e du 17 septembre 2019 fixant la liste des habitats naturels pouvant faire l'objet d'un arre?t e pr efectoral de protection des habitats naturels en Guyane, 2019.

R. D. Franc¸oso, R. Brandao, C. C. Nogueira, Y. B. Salmona, R. B. Machado et al., Habitat loss and the effectiveness of protected areas in the Cerrado Biodiversity Hotspot, Natureza & Conservac¸ão, vol.13, issue.1, pp.35-40, 2015.

R. Girault and P. Silland, Bilan de 3 ans de suivi d'une savane soumise au feu, sur le site des Pripris de Yiyi, p.358, 2015.

V. Gond, V. Freycon, J. Molino, O. Brunaux, F. Ingrassia et al., Broad-scale spatial pattern of forest landscape types in the Guiana Shield, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol.13, issue.3, pp.357-367, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00676329

G. Graine, D efinition de p erim etres de ZDUC dans les villages de Bellevue et Organabo. Rapport final, DEAL/ONF/ CNRS. Editor is Direction de l'Environnement, de l'Ame´nagement et du Logement (DEAL), 2017.

. Groupe-d'é-tude and . De, Faune-Guyane, a participative online database for naturalistic records in French Guiana, Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane, 2019.

D. S. Hammond, Ancient land in a modern world, Tropical forests of the Guiana Shield, pp.1-14, 2005.

S. I. Higgins, W. J. Bond, E. C. February, A. Bronn, D. I. Euston-brown et al., Effects of four decades of fire manipulation on woody vegetation structure in savanna, Ecology, vol.88, issue.5, pp.1119-1125, 2007.

R. R. Hila´rio, J. J. Toledo, K. Mustin, I. J. Castro, S. V. Costa-neto et al., The fate of an Amazonian savanna: Government land-use planning endangers sustainable development in Amapa´, the most conserved Brazilian state, Tropical Conservation Science, vol.10, pp.1-8, 2017.

M. Hoff and H. Brisse, Diversit e et r epartition des formations v eg etales en Guyane franc¸aise a`partir d'une base de donn ees sur l'environnement [Diversity and distribution of plant formations in French Guiana based on an environmental database, vol.20, 1990.

W. A. Hoffman, Post-establishment seedling success in the Brazilian Cerrado: A comparison of savanna and forest species, Biotropica, vol.32, issue.1, pp.62-69, 2000.

J. Huguenin, Management of Amazonian grassland against weeds: Biophysical conditions, agricultural practices and organization of grazing system in French Guiana, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005014

, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2, 2018.

J. Iriarte, B. Glaser, J. Watling, A. Wainwright, J. J. Birk et al., Late Holocene Neotropical agricultural landscapes: Phytolith and stable carbon isotope analysis of raised fields from French Guianan coastal savannahs, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.37, pp.2984-2994, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01845799

J. Iriarte, M. J. Power, S. Rostain, F. E. Mayle, H. Jones et al.,

D. B. Mc-key, Fire-free land use in pre-1492 Amazonian savannas, vol.6, pp.6473-6478, 2012.

M. Jolivet, La question cr eole, essai de sociologie sur la Guyane franc¸aise, 1982.

, É ditions de l'ORSTOM

M. Jolivet, De l'habitation en Guyane, el ements de r eflexion sur la question identitaire cr eole, pp.141-165, 1993.

F. :. Paris and . L'harmattan,

A. Koch, C. Brierley, M. M. Maslin, and S. L. Lewis, Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.207, pp.13-36, 2019.

E. F. Lambin, H. K. Gibbs, R. Heilmayr, K. M. Carlson, L. C. Fleck et al., The role of supply-chain initiatives in reducing deforestation, Nature Climate Change, vol.8, pp.109-116, 2018.

L. Fol and J. , E´tude p edologique des savanes de Guyane, Projet Lifeþ CAP DOM, p.94, 2012.

F. Guiana and F. , Groupe d'Etude et de Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane (GEPOG)

C. Leisher, J. Touval, S. M. Hess, T. M. Boucher, and L. Reymondin, Land and forest degradation inside protected areas in Latin America, Diversity, vol.5, issue.4, pp.779-795, 2013.

G. L-eotard, Projet LIFEþ Cap DOM: Etude botanique des savanes de Guyane (p. 125) [Life + Cap DOM project: botanical study of the savannas of French Guiana, 2012.

G. L-eotard and A. Stier, Premiers el ements de typologie des habitats de savane du centre littoral Guyanais, p.74, 2013.

F. Guiana and F. , Groupe d'Etude et de Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane (GEPOG)

Y. Le-roux, L'habitation guyanaise sous l'ancien r egime. E´tude de la culture mat erielle, 1995.

F. Paris, É cole des Hautes É tudes en Sciences Sociales

M. Lohier, Les m emoires de Michel, 1972.

F. Cayenne, . Guiana, F. :. Clamecy, . Imp, . Laballery et al.,

S. Mam-lam-fouck, Histoire g en erale de la Guyane franc¸aise: Des d ebuts de la colonisation a`la fin du XX si ecle, 2002.

F. Petit-bourg and . Guiana,

R. Marchant, Understanding complexity in savannnas: Climate, biodiversity and people. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol.2, pp.101-108, 2010.

D. Mckey, M. Dur-ecu, A. Solibi-eda, C. Raimond, K. L. Adame-montoya et al., New approaches to pre-Columbian raised-field agriculture: The ecology of seasonally flooded savannas, and living raised fields in Africa, as windows on the past and the future, Amazonia-Memorias de las Conferencias Magistrales del 3er Encuentro Internacional de Arqueologia Amazonica, pp.91-136, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01266866

E. Quito, Ministerio Coordinador de Conocimiento y Talento Humano e IKIAM-Secretar ?a Nacional de Educaci on Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog ?a e Innovaci on-Tercer Encuentro Internacional de Arqueolog ?a Amaz onica

D. Mckey, S. Rostain, J. Iriarte, B. Glaser, J. J. Birk et al., Pre-Columbian agricultural landscapes, ecosystem engineers, and self-organized patchiness in Amazonia, vol.107, pp.7823-7828, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02007851

D. B. Mckey, D. Renard, and M. Comptour, Will the real raised-field agriculture please rise? Indigenous knowledge and the resolution of competing visions of one way to farm wetlands, Indigenous knowledge. Enhancing its contribution to natural resources management, pp.116-129, 2017.

S. W. Mintz, Reflections on Caribbean peasantries, New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, vol.57, issue.1-2, pp.1-17, 1983.

K. Mustin, W. D. De-carvalho, R. R. Hilario, S. V. Costa-neto, C. R. Silva et al.,

J. J. Toledo, Biodiversity, threats and conservation challenges in the Cerrado of Amapa´, an Amazonian savanna, Nature Conservation, vol.22, pp.107-127, 2017.

, Occupation du sol et dynamique fonci ere-Bande co?ti ere de la Guyane Franc¸aise, Office National des Fore?ts, p.30, 2001.

, Occupation du sol en 2015 sur la bande littorale de la Guyane et son evolution entre, p.92, 2005.

M. Palisse, Libres de savane -Pratiques et imaginaire autour des savanes de Guyane (p. 62) [Free of savannaspractices and imaginery around French Guiana's savannas, 2013.

F. Guyane,

M. Palisse, Savanes de Guyane franc¸aise: La biodiversit e bouscul ee par la diversit e culturelle [Savannas of French Guiana: biodiversity shaked up by cultural diversity, 2014.

. Ethnographiques and . Org,

C. L. Parr, C. E. Lehmann, W. J. Bond, W. A. Hoffmann, and A. N. Andersen, Tropical grassy biomes: Misunderstood, neglected, and under threat, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.29, issue.4, pp.205-213, 2014.

G. T. Prance, Islands in Amazonia, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society -Biological Sciences, vol.351, pp.823-833, 1996.

L. Procopio, Analysis of savanna data from French Guiana within the Life + Cap DOM project, Projet LIFEþ CAP DOM, p.18, 2014.

F. Guiana and F. , Groupe d'Etude et de Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane (GEPOG)

D. Renard, Histoire et ecologie des complexes de champs sur elev es dans les savanes co?ti eres de Guyane franc¸aise, 2010.

D. Renard, J. J. Birk, A. Zangerl-e, P. Lavelle, B. Glaser et al., Ancient human agricultural practices can promote activities of contemporary non-human soil ecosystem engineers: A case study in coastal savannas of French Guiana, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.62, pp.46-56, 2013.

D. Renard, J. Iriarte, J. J. Birk, S. Rostain, B. Glaser et al., Ecological engineers ahead of their time: The functioning of pre-Columbian raised-field agriculture and its potential contributions to sustainability today, Ecological Engineering, vol.45, pp.30-44, 2012.

D. Renard, B. Schatz, and D. B. Mc-key, Ant nest architecture and seed burial depth: Implications for seed fate and germination success in a myrmecochorous savanna shrub, vol.17, pp.194-202, 2010.

L. Rodrigues, U. Lombardo, and H. Veit, Design of pre-Columbian raised fields in the Llanos de Moxos, Bolivian Amazon: Differential adaptations to the local environment, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, vol.17, pp.366-378, 2018.

I. Roitman, J. M. Felfili, and A. V. Rezende, Tree dynamics of fire-protected cerrado sensu stricto surrounded by forest plantations, over a 13-year period, 1991.

B. Bahia, Plant Ecology, vol.197, pp.255-267

S. Rostain, Les champs sur elev es am erindiens de la Guyane, 1991.

S. Rostain, Agricultural earthworks on the French Guiana coast, Handbook of South American archaeology, pp.217-234, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01894223

S. Rostain, Pre-Columbian earthworks in coastal Amazonia. Diversity, Special Issue "Long-Term Anthropic Influences on the Diversity of Amazonian Landscapes and Biota, vol.2, pp.353-369, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01873419

S. Rostain, Islands in the rainforest. Landscape management in pre-Columbian Amazonia, 2012.

S. Rostain and D. Mckey, Les paysages de champs sur elev es de Guyane franc¸aise: Un patrimoine bioculturel menac e [The landscapes of raised fields in French Guiana: a threatened biocultural heritage, 2015.

D. Revue and . Ecologie, , vol.7

M. Sankaran, N. P. Hanan, R. J. Scholes, J. Ratnam, D. J. Augustine et al., Determinants of woody cover in African savannas, Nature, vol.438, pp.846-849, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00304266

E. Savaria, Une promenade en Guyane, Tournon et Cie, 1933.

R. Scholes and S. Archer, Tree-grass interactions in savannas, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.28, pp.517-544, 1997.

I. A. Silva and M. A. Batalha, Phylogenetic structure of Brazilian savannas under different fire regimes, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.21, pp.1003-1013, 2010.

J. M. Silva and J. Bates, Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: A tropical savanna hotspot, BioScience, vol.52, issue.3, pp.225-233, 2002.

A. C. Staver, S. Archibald, and S. A. Levin, The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states, Science, vol.334, issue.6053, pp.230-232, 2011.

A. Stier, Document de synth ese de l'action A4 « savanes » du programme LIFEþ Cap DOM, p.40, 2012.

A. Stier and N. De-pracontal, Technical guide to managing the savannas of French Guiana, Director of publication: Sylvain Uriot, Association GEPOG, 2015.

B. B. Strassburg, T. Brooks, R. Feltran-barbieri, A. Iribarrem, R. Crouzeilles et al., Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot, Nature Ecology & Evolution, vol.1, p.99, 2017.

J. C. Svenning and S. Faurby, Prehistoric and historic baselines for trophic rewilding in the Neotropics, Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, vol.15, issue.4, pp.282-291, 2017.

. France, . Mnhn, . Gepog, . Kwata, . Biotope et al., La liste rouge des esp eces menac ees de France-Chapitre de la Faune vert ebr ee de Guyane, The Nature Conservancy, 2008.

F. Paris,

S. B. Vezenegho, A. Adde, V. P. Santi, J. Issaly, R. Carinci et al., High malaria transmission in a forested malaria focus in French Guiana: How can exophagic Anopheles darlingi thwart vector control and prevention measures? Mem orias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.111, pp.561-569, 2016.

R. R. Vieira, B. R. Ribeiro, and F. M. Resende, Compliance to Brazil's Forest Code will not protect biodiversity and ecosystem services, Diversity and Distributions, vol.00, pp.1-5, 2017.

R. S. Voss, An introduction to the Neotropical muroid rodent genus Zygodontomys, Bulletin American Museum Natural History, vol.210, pp.1-113, 1991.

F. P. Werneck, The diversification of eastern South American open vegetation biomes: Historical biogeography and perspectives, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.30, pp.1630-1648, 2011.

A. Zangerl-e, D. Renard, J. Iriarte, L. E. Suarez-jimenez, K. L. Adame-montoya et al., The surales, self-organized earth-mound landscapes made by earthworms in a seasonal tropical wetland, PLoS One, vol.11, issue.5, p.154269, 2016.