A multi-scalar model for system of cities
Résumé
The modeling of urban growth is a crucial issue for the design of sustainable territorial policies, through the understanding of past urbanization processes and the forecasting of future urban trajectories. Several models have been proposed at different scales and integrating different dimensions of urban systems, such as land-use transport interaction models (Wegener and Furst, 2004) or systems of cities models (Pumain and Reuillon, 2017). While multi-scalar models are recognized as crucial for the study of such systems (Rozenblat and Pumain, 2018), they remain in practice unexplored. This contribution introduces a parsimonious multi-scalar model for systems of cities, based on simple dimensions (mainly populations) with stylized processes, but yielding an effective strong coupling between the metropolitan mesoscopic scale and the macroscopic scale of the system of cities. The model couples the spatial interaction model of (Raimbault, 2018a) for the macro scale with the reaction-diffusion model for urban form studied by (Raimbault, 2018b). More precisely, urban areas viewed as a population grid are embedded into the macroscopic interaction model. To evolve populations and local urban forms, one time step consists of (i) population differences are computed by the interaction model; (ii) top-down feedback modifies parameters of mesoscopic models, given control parameters to capture typical scenarios (transit-oriented development or sprawl for diffusion, metropolization or uniformization for aggregation); (iii) local urban form are evolved with the reaction-diffusion models at a given speed conditionally to the population variations; (iv) changes in urban form influence macroscopic interaction ranges (capturing the impact of local activity on global insertion), by integrating gravity flows in the area with a squared cost function making a compromise between congestion and flows. The model is applied on synthetic systems of cities typical of a continental range (500km, hierarchy around 1, 20 cities), with initial local population grid configurations as monocentric. Parameter space is explored with the OpenMOLE model exploration software (Reuillon at al., 2013), eased by the implementation of the model in scala. First results show a strong impact of the strong meso-macro coupling, such as for example a qualitative inversion of the behavior as a function of interaction range of macroscopic indicators trajectories when switching from a "transit-oriented development" scenario (negative feedback of population growth on diffusion) to a "sprawl" scenario (positive feedback). Similarly, mesoscopic urban form indicators are significantly influenced by the coupling process. Further work will consist in more targeted simulation experiments, including specific exploration algorithms such as diversity search for model regimes, to test the model as a proof-of-concept of models for policies. Such a model can also be calibrated on real city systems and urban form trajectories, to extrapolate coupling parameters that would be difficult to obtain otherwise. Our contribution is thus a first step towards multi-scalar simulation models for systems of cities.
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