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, It does not address the large body of studies on gender and social movement, which tackles the ways in which gender structures a diversity of collective protests, This chapter focuses on the literature on women's movements, i.e., on mobilising on behalf of and/or for the advancement of women, 2009.

, These transnational research arenas are structured around European social sciences associations (like the European Consortium of Political Science Research, ECPR) and ad hoc scientific networks funded by European Research Institutions

, For example, evaluating-in order to eventually quantify-the impact of women's movements in the policy-making process, with women's policy agencies being considered as an 'intervening variable

, In several European countries there was also an important overlap between feminist and union activism. The relationship between women's movements and unions-oscillating between confrontation and integration-has been particularly documented in the British case, 2006.