. Voir-par-exemple and . Burgat, , 2015.

F. Directorate-general-for-health and . Safety, « Dans sept États membres, une majorité absolue de citoyens pensent "certainement" que les animaux d'élevage devraient être mieux protégés. La proportion de répondants ayant indiqué "certainement, 2016.

I. Abete, D. Romaguera, A. R. Vieira, A. L. De-munain, and T. Norat, Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality : a meta-analysis of cohort studies, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.112, issue.5, pp.762-775, 2014.

G. A. Akerlof and W. T. Dickens, The economic consequences of cognitive dissonance, The American economic review, vol.72, issue.3, pp.307-319, 1982.

K. Albrecht, F. Krämer, and N. Szech, Animal welfare and human ethics : A personality study, 2017.

L. Aleksandrowicz, R. Green, E. J. Joy, P. Smith, and A. Haines, The impacts of dietary change on greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, and health : a systematic review, PloS one, vol.11, issue.11, p.165797, 2016.

P. Alexander, C. Brown, A. Arneth, J. Finnigan, D. Moran et al., , 2017.

, Losses, inefficiencies and waste in the global food system. Agricultural systems, vol.153, pp.190-200

A. D. Association and D. Canada, Position of the american dietetic association and dietitians of canada : vegetarian diets, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol.103, issue.6, pp.748-765, 2003.

D. Aune, G. Ursin, and M. Veierød, Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes : a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, Diabetologia, vol.52, issue.11, pp.2277-2287, 2009.

D. P. Baron, The industrial organization of private politics, Quarterly Journal of Political Science, vol.7, issue.2, pp.135-174, 2012.

B. Bastian, S. Loughnan, N. Haslam, and H. R. Radke, Don't mind meat ? the denial of mind to animals used for human consumption, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.38, issue.2, pp.247-256, 2012.

J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1780.

N. Berggren, H. Jordahl, and C. Stern, The political opinions of swedish social scientists, 2007.

M. Berners-lee, C. Hoolohan, H. Cammack, and C. Hewitt, The relative greenhouse gas impacts of realistic dietary choices, Energy Policy, vol.43, pp.184-190, 2012.

B. Bosquet, Environmental tax reform : Does it work ? A survey of the empirical evidence, Ecological economics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.19-32, 2000.

B. Bratanova, S. Loughnan, and B. Bastian, The effect of categorization as food on the perceived moral standing of animals, Appetite, vol.57, issue.1, pp.193-196, 2011.

F. Burgat, La cause des animaux, Pour un destin commun. Buchet / Chastel, 2015.

J. R. Carter and M. D. Irons, Are economists different, and if so, why ?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.5, issue.2, pp.171-177, 1991.
DOI : 10.1257/jep.5.2.171

L. Caviola, J. A. Everett, and N. S. Faber, The moral standing of animals : Towards a psychology of speciesism, Journal of personality and social psychology, 2018.

M. Clark and D. Tilman, Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice, Environmental Research Letters, vol.12, issue.6, p.64016, 2017.

T. Corrin and A. Papadopoulos, Understanding the attitudes and perceptions of vegetarian and plant-based diets to shape future health promotion programs, Appetite, vol.109, pp.40-47, 2017.

V. Costantini and M. Mazzanti, On the green and innovative side of trade competitiveness ? the impact of environmental policies and innovation on eu exports, Research policy, vol.41, issue.1, pp.132-153, 2012.

W. J. Craig and A. R. Mangels, Position of the american dietetic association : vegetarian diets, Journal of the American dietetic association, vol.109, issue.7, pp.1266-1282, 2009.

H. Cramer, C. S. Kessler, T. Sundberg, M. J. Leach, D. Schumann et al., Characteristics of americans choosing vegetarian and vegan diets for health reasons, Journal of nutrition education and behavior, vol.49, issue.7, pp.561-567, 2017.

E. Dardenne, L'éthique animale dans la tradition utilitariste, Deux siècles d'utilitarisme, 2011.

J. De-boer, H. Schösler, A. , and H. , Towards a reduced meat diet : Mindset and motivation of young vegetarians, low, medium and high meat-eaters, Appetite, vol.113, pp.387-397, 2017.

B. Deffains, R. Espinosa, and C. Thöni, Political self-serving bias and redistribution, Journal of Public Economics, vol.134, pp.67-74, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01634208

P. C. Elwood, J. E. Pickering, D. I. Givens, and J. E. Gallacher, The consumption of milk and dairy foods and the incidence of vascular disease and diabetes : an overview of the evidence, Lipids, vol.45, issue.10, pp.925-939, 2010.

K. Erb, C. Lauk, T. Kastner, A. Mayer, M. C. Theurl et al., Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation, Nature communications, vol.7, p.11382, 2016.

R. Espinosa, Lawmaking as an endogenous process, CESifo Economic Studies, vol.60, issue.3, pp.463-489, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01634215

E. Fehr and K. M. Schmidt, A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. The quarterly journal of economics, vol.114, pp.817-868, 1999.

L. Festinger, A theory of cognitive dissonance, 1962.

M. Fleurbaey and F. Safety, Attitudes of europeans towards animal welfare, Economica. for Health, 1996.

M. Fourcade, E. Ollion, A. , and Y. , The superiority of economists, Journal of economic perspectives, vol.29, issue.1, pp.89-114, 2015.

K. S. Gallagher and E. Muehlegger, Giving green to get green ? incentives and consumer adoption of hybrid vehicle technology, Journal of Environmental Economics and management, vol.61, issue.1, pp.1-15, 2011.

C. A. Gallet, Meat meets meta : a quantitative review of the price elasticity of meat, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol.92, issue.1, pp.258-272, 2010.

R. Goodland, Environmental sustainability in agriculture : diet matters, Ecological Economics, vol.23, issue.3, pp.189-200, 1997.

J. Graça, M. M. Calheiros, and A. Oliveira, Attached to meat ? (un)willingness and intentions to adopt a more plant-based diet, Appetite, vol.95, pp.113-125, 2015.

J. Graça, M. M. Calheiros, and A. Oliveira, Situating moral disengagement : Motivated reasoning in meat consumption and substitution, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.90, pp.353-364, 2016.

J. Graça, A. Oliveira, and M. M. Calheiros, Meat, beyond the plate. data-driven hypotheses for understanding consumer willingness to adopt a more plant-based diet, Appetite, vol.90, pp.80-90, 2015.

D. M. Hausman and M. S. Mcpherson, Preference satisfaction and welfare economics, Economics & Philosophy, vol.25, issue.1, pp.1-25, 2009.

E. Helpman and T. Persson, Advances in economic analysis & policy, p.1, 2001.

N. Hestermann, Y. Le-yaouanq, and N. Treich, An economic model of the meat paradox, 2017.

F. B. Hu, E. B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer, A. Ascherio, D. Spiegelman et al., Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men, The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol.72, issue.4, pp.912-921, 2000.

M. Janssen, C. Busch, M. Rödiger, and U. Hamm, Motives of consumers following a vegan diet and their attitudes towards animal agriculture, Appetite, vol.105, pp.643-651, 2016.

M. Joy, Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows : An introduction to carnism, 2011.

J. Konow, Fair shares : Accountability and cognitive dissonance in allocation decisions, American economic review, vol.90, issue.4, pp.1072-1091, 2000.

V. Kurz, Nudging to reduce meat consumption : Immediate and persistent effects of an intervention at a university restaurant, Journal of Environmental Economics and management, 2018.

S. C. Larsson and N. Orsini, Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality : a meta-analysis, American journal of epidemiology, vol.179, issue.3, pp.282-289, 2013.

W. Lee and J. E. Roemer, Racism and redistribution in the united states : A solution to the problem of american exceptionalism, Journal of public Economics, vol.90, issue.6-7, pp.1027-1052, 2006.

S. O. Lilienfeld, R. Ammirati, and K. Landfield, Giving debiasing away : Can psychological research on correcting cognitive errors promote human welfare ? Perspectives on psychological science, vol.4, pp.390-398, 2009.

S. Loughnan, B. Bastian, and N. Haslam, The psychology of eating animals, Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol.23, issue.2, pp.104-108, 2014.

S. Loughnan, N. Haslam, and B. Bastian, The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals, Appetite, vol.55, issue.1, pp.156-159, 2010.

J. L. Lusk, The Market for Animal Welfare, Agriculture and Human Values, vol.28, issue.4, pp.561-575, 2011.

J. L. Lusk and F. B. Norwood, Animal welfare economics. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, vol.33, issue.4, pp.463-483, 2011.

J. I. Macdiarmid, F. Douglas, and J. Campbell, Eating like there's no tomorrow : Public awareness of the environmental impact of food and reluctance to eat less meat as part of a sustainable diet, Appetite, vol.96, pp.487-493, 2016.

J. Marguenaud, J. Leroy, E. Chevalier, S. Nadaud, and C. Boyer-capelle, , 2018.

G. Marwell and R. E. Ames, Economists free ride, does anyone else ? : Experiments on the provision of public goods, iv, Journal of public economics, vol.15, issue.3, pp.295-310, 1981.

R. Micha, G. Michas, and D. Mozaffarian, Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes-an updated review of the evidence, Current atherosclerosis reports, vol.14, issue.6, pp.515-524, 2012.

J. S. Mill, W. John, and . Parker, Principles of Political Economy, 1848.

J. S. Mill, Whewell on moral philosophy, John Stuart Mill, 1852.

C. A. Monteiro, T. M. Pfeiler, M. D. Patterson, and M. A. Milburn, The carnism inventory : Measuring the ideology of eating animals, Appetite, vol.113, pp.51-62, 2017.

A. Mullee, L. Vermeire, B. Vanaelst, P. Mullie, P. Deriemaeker et al., Vegetarianism and meat consumption : A comparison of attitudes and beliefs between vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, and omnivorous subjects in belgium, Appetite, vol.114, pp.299-305, 2017.

D. C. Nieman, Physical fitness and vegetarian diets : is there a relation ?, The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol.70, issue.3, pp.570-575, 1999.

F. B. Norwood, G. Tonsor, and J. L. Lusk, I Will Give You My Vote but Not My Money : Preferences for Public versus Private Action in Addressing Social Issues, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 2018.

M. J. Orlich, P. N. Singh, J. Sabaté, K. Jaceldo-siegl, J. Fan et al., Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in adventist health study 2, JAMA internal medicine, vol.173, issue.13, pp.1230-1238, 2013.

A. Pan, Q. Sun, A. M. Bernstein, M. B. Schulze, J. E. Manson et al., Red meat consumption and mortality : results from 2 prospective cohort studies, Archives of internal medicine, vol.172, issue.7, pp.555-563, 2012.

A. Pan, Q. Sun, A. M. Bernstein, M. B. Schulze, J. E. Manson et al., Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes : 3 cohorts of us adults and an updated meta-analysis, The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol.94, issue.4, pp.1088-1096, 2011.

C. Pelluchon, Manifeste animaliste, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532504

T. Persson, Economic policy and special interest politics, The Economic Journal, vol.108, issue.447, pp.310-327, 1998.

J. Piazza and S. Loughnan, When meat gets personal, animals' minds matter less : Motivated use of intelligence information in judgments of moral standing, Social Psychological and Personality Science, vol.7, issue.8, pp.867-874, 2016.

J. Piazza, M. B. Ruby, S. Loughnan, M. Luong, J. Kulik et al., Rationalizing meat consumption. the 4ns, Appetite, vol.91, pp.114-128, 2015.

C. Radnitz, B. Beezhold, and J. Dimatteo, Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons, Appetite, vol.90, pp.31-36, 2015.

S. Rohrmann, K. Overvad, H. B. Bueno-de-mesquita, M. U. Jakobsen, R. Egeberg et al., Meat consumption and mortality-results from the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition, BMC medicine, vol.11, issue.1, p.63, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00798548

D. L. Rosenfeld and A. L. Burrow, The unified model of vegetarian identity : A conceptual framework for understanding plant-based food choices, Appetite, vol.112, pp.78-95, 2017.

D. L. Rosenfeld and A. L. Burrow, Vegetarian on purpose : Understanding the motivations of plant-based dieters, Appetite, vol.116, pp.456-463, 2017.

H. Rothgerber, Efforts to overcome vegetarian-induced dissonance among meat eaters, Appetite, vol.79, pp.32-41, 2014.

H. Rothgerber, Can you have your meat and eat it too ? conscientious omnivores, vegetarians, and adherence to diet, Appetite, vol.84, pp.196-203, 2015.

H. Rothgerber, Underlying differences between conscientious omnivores and vegetarians in the evaluation of meat and animals, Appetite, vol.87, pp.251-258, 2015.

M. B. Ruby, Vegetarianism. a blossoming field of study, Appetite, vol.58, issue.1, pp.141-150, 2012.

L. Santos-pinto and J. Sobel, A model of positive self-image in subjective assessments, American Economic Review, vol.95, issue.5, pp.1386-1402, 2005.

M. B. Schulze, K. Hoffmann, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, J. B. Meigs et al., Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women, The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol.82, issue.3, pp.675-684, 2005.

P. Singer, Animal Liberation : A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals, 1975.

R. Sinha, A. J. Cross, B. I. Graubard, M. F. Leitzmann, and A. Schatzkin, Meat intake and mortality : a prospective study of over half a million people, Archives of internal medicine, vol.169, issue.6, pp.562-571, 2009.

D. A. Snowdon, Animal product consumption and mortality because of all causes combined, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer in seventh-day adventists, The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol.48, issue.3, pp.739-748, 1988.

D. A. Snowdon and R. L. Phillips, Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes ?, American Journal of Public Health, vol.75, issue.5, pp.507-512, 1985.

L. D. Snyder, N. H. Miller, and R. N. Stavins, The effects of environmental regulation on technology diffusion : the case of chlorine manufacturing, American Economic Review, vol.93, issue.2, pp.431-435, 2003.

Y. Song, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and S. Liu, A prospective study of red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly women : the women's health study, Diabetes care, vol.27, issue.9, pp.2108-2115, 2004.

M. Springmann, H. C. Godfray, M. Rayner, and P. Scarborough, Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.113, issue.15, pp.4146-4151, 2016.

S. Subak, Global environmental costs of beef production, Ecological Economics, vol.30, issue.1, pp.79-91, 1999.

R. H. Thaler and C. R. Sunstein, Nudge : Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, 2008.

M. A. Thomas, Are vegans the same as vegetarians ? the effect of diet on perceptions of masculinity, Appetite, vol.97, pp.79-86, 2016.

D. Tilman and M. Clark, Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health, Nature, vol.515, issue.7528, p.518, 2014.

N. Treich, Veganomics : Vers une approche économique du véganisme, 2018.
DOI : 10.3917/rfe.184.0003

URL : http://publications.ut-capitole.fr/31070/1/wp_tse_988.pdf

A. Tukker, R. A. Goldbohm, A. De-koning, M. Verheijden, R. Kleijn et al., Environmental impacts of changes to healthier diets in europe, Ecological Economics, vol.70, issue.10, pp.1776-1788, 2011.

F. Vieux, N. Darmon, D. Touazi, and L. G. Soler, Greenhouse gas emissions of self-selected individual diets in france : changing the diet structure or consuming less ? Ecological economics, vol.75, pp.91-101, 2012.

H. K. Wam, Economists, time to team up with the ecologists !, Ecological Economics, vol.69, issue.4, pp.675-679, 2010.

R. York and M. H. Gossard, Cross-national meat and fish consumption : exploring the effects of modernization and ecological context, Ecological economics, vol.48, issue.3, pp.293-302, 2004.

V. R. Young and P. L. Pellett, Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition, The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol.59, issue.5, pp.1203-1212, 1994.

J. Zabojnik, A model of rational bias in self-assessments, Economic Theory, vol.23, issue.2, pp.259-282, 2004.