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, xiv As shown by the yet unpublished works of Ane Mannsåker Roald, a PhD candidate at the University of Oslo investigating the role of the Iraqi exile political community in Amman, and Sihem Djebbi, a PhD candidate at the Paris Institute of Political Studies, who has been exploring the transnational networks of the Iraqi political and economic elite between Iraq

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, xviii On the substantial ideological obstacles to local integration of any migrants in Arab states see

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, UNHCR has been operating strictly on the basis of registration numbers. By contrast, host governments and most international NGOs have continued to use high estimates in public documents, particularly funding appeals. On the challenges and politics underpinning refugee counts, see Jeff Crisp, xxv The scale of the crisis was initially evaluated on the basis of information provided by Iraqi refugeehosting governments which UNHCR is obliged by its Statute to accept, 1999.

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