, lxxx Such hospital production was set up to meet local clinical needs. It was even the subject of controversy in 1924 when The Times reported that hospital production costs were inferior to industrial costs, 1924.

H. Dale, Letter from Sir W. Fletcher to the Insulin Committee. lxxxiii See, for example, the revival of this debate regarding Aids drugs, Cassier, Correa, "Patent, Innovation and Public Health : Brazilian Public-Sector Laboratories'Experience in Copying AIDS Drugs, pp.89-107, 1924.

, Macleod was fully aware of this difficulty: 'At present the royalty charged is 5 per cent which means, at current retail prices of Insulin, that in a severe case of diabetes requiring 30 units daily, the yearly tax payable by the patient to the Board of Governors is considerable'. He suggested modulating the rate of royalties in relation to the need to defend patents, 1924.

, Adulteration' means the alteration of the purity or concentration of a drug, compared to its characterization in the official pharmacopoeia. Laws were passed in Britain and subsequently in the US and Canada in this respect. In the UK the Adulteration Act of 1860 led to the Sale of Food and Drugs Act of 1875, while in the US the Pure Food Act (1906) was intended to control the sale of food, drugs and drugs, although it focused primarily on food, pp.18-37, 1980.

. Temin, Taking your Medicine. Drug Regulation in the United States, 32 and 33. lxxxvii. This section is called 'New and Non Official Drugs

, Should Medical Invention be Patented?', a jurist, A. Conolly, tried to justify patenting by the medical profession in terms of protection of patients. The debate was also conducted by the, lxxxviii In 1937 an article published in Science, 1939.

R. P. Merges, Institutions for Intellectual Property Transactions: the case of patent pools, Brevet et santé, pp.185-190

. Letter and . Macleod, , 1924.

, xcii Agreement with the Toronto Insulin Committee, 1924.

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. Liebenau, Historical Perspectives on the Role of the MRC, Essays in the History of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its Predecessors, the Medical Research Committee, The MRC and the Pharmaceutical Industry: the Model of Insulin' in Joan Austoker and Linda Bryder, 1913.

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