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, See the appendix concerning the political and technical milestones of the electric power sector in Vietnam

, It enjoys a high level of independence with its own accounts, management, and board of directors, but is still under EVN's authority. 35 EVN is among the defenders of such a reform. 36 PECC3 and GTZ, The Study on Wind Power Planning, 2009.

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, The Prime Minister of Vietnam, Decision on support mechanism for the development of power generation projects using solid waste(s) in Vietnam, 2014; and The Prime Minister of Vietnam, Decision on the support mechanism for the development of biomass power projects in Vietnam, 2014. 45 The purchase price is VND 2,114 per kWh (10.05 U.S. cents per kWh) for power generation projects using solid wastes, and VND 1,532 per kWh (7.28 U.S. cents per kWh) for power gen, The Prime Minister of Vietnam, Decision No. 1539/QD-TTg on approval of list of Project, 2014.

, to fix the purchasing price for electricity produced in small hydro power stations for a period of 20 years, knowing that in the context of increasing inflation rates and faced with a single buyer, 2014.

T. Phan, EVN Develop the Electricity Tariffs for Whom, Vietstock, 2015. 48 National Load Dispatch Center, 2014.

, More than 2 GW are imported from China, Laos, and Cambodia to meet high demand during the dry season, Electricity of Vietnam, Database of the Electricity System of Vietnam, 2014.

H. A. Op.-cit and . Nguyen-trinh, EVN decided to buy about 2.45 percent of total electricity demand from China, at prices much higher than those paid to local producers. Also, Chinese contractors have been major partners of EVN in building new power plants, 2010.

M. Wang, J. , ;. M. Wang, and J. Zhao, Zhao show that under the monopoly extraction of a non-renewable resource, if the renewable substitute is capacity constrained, the resource price will first continuously increase until the renewable substitute becomes competitive. Then the monopolist will stave off the renewable substitute for a certain period of time while keeping the resource price flat at the renewable's marginal cost, Economics Letters, vol.120, issue.3, pp.503-511, 2013.

. Ibid,

E. Zink,

, Master plan on wind power development in Vietnam" funded by official development assistance from the German government

, Face-to-face negotiations of the independent renewable electricity producers with the vertically integrated single-buyer and, particularly, conditions of grid connection are also strategic issues in relation to the development of low-carbon electricity. Meanwhile, they are more difficult to observe and evaluate at the national level

X. H. Vuong, Barriers for the Implementation of Wind Power NAMA in Vietnam," presented at the Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for Mitigation, 2013.