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, ) aptly refutes the premise of their resemblance, affirming the fantastical nature of Jiang Xiaoyuan's claim, but it is hard to ignore the resemblance that medieval scholars saw. Himself a Daoist, Li Chunfeng describes Emperor Wu of Liang's ? ?? (r. 502-549 CE) famous Buddhist-inspired world model as 'completely identical to the text of The Gnomon of Zhou', 46 while Guanding, the fourth patriarch of Tiantai ?? Buddhism, describes The Gnomon of Zhou in his commentary to the Mah?parinirv??a-s?tra as 'the same as the Buddhist model, Qu Anjing ???, pp.99-102, 2002.

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, Compare this to the flat-earth sphere heaven, which only works if the observer is at 'the centre of the earth' ?? in the ancient Zhou capital city of Luoyang; see Yixing's ?? (683-727 CE) assessment of the two theories' strengths and weaknesses as studied in Jin Zumeng, 1986.

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