, and 2008 are searchable on the Internet, and yet internal documents relating to Burmese/Myanmar policies in, 1947.

I. Ahmed, The Plight of the Stateless Rohingyas: Responses of the State, Society, and the International Community, 2010.

. Bhattacharya, Imperialist Provocation and Muslims of Arakan/ Myanmar (1942-1948), Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 55th Session, pp.542-550, 1994.

A. Chan, Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence (1947-1975), Kanda Journal of Global and Area Studies, vol.2, pp.1-14, 2011.

A. Chan, The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar), SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, vol.3, issue.2, pp.396-420, 2005.

N. Cheesman, How in Myanmar 'National Races' Came to Surpass Citizenship and Exclude Rohingya, Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol.47, pp.1-20, 2017.

A. Cowley and M. Zarni, The Slow-Burning Genocide of Myanmar's Rohingya, Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, vol.23, issue.3, pp.681-752, 2014.

R. M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, 1993.

K. Fleischmann, Arakan-Konfliktregion zwischen Birma und Bangladesh Vorgeschichte und Folgen des Flüchtlingsstroms von 1978, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde Hamburg 121, 1981.

J. Gommans and J. Leider, The Maritime Frontier of Burma-Exploring Political, Cultural, and Commercial Interaction in the Indian Ocean World, pp.1200-1800, 2002.

A. B. Irwin and . Outpost, , 1946.

P. From and . Oxford-research-encyclopedia, All Rights Reserved. Personal use only; commercial use is strictly prohibited (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice), 2016.

N. Islam, Arakan: Arakan Rohingya National Organization (ARNO), 2006.

A. F. Jilani, A Cultural History of Rohingya, Selfpublished, 2001.

A. Karim, The Rohingyas: A Short Account of Their History and Culture, 2000.

S. Khin-maung, The 'Rohingyas': Who Are They? The Origin of the Name 'Rohingya', Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, vol.1, pp.89-100, 1993.

J. P. Leider, Competing Identities and the Hybridized History of the Rohingyas, Metamorphosis: Studies in Social and Political Change in Myanmar, pp.151-178, 2015.

J. P. Leider, Rohingya: The Name, the Movement, the Quest for Identity, Nation Building in Myanmar, pp.204-255, 2013.

J. P. Leider, Transmutations of the Rohingya Movement in the Post-2012 Rakhine State Crisis, Ethnic and Religious Identities and Integration in Southeast Asia, pp.191-239, 2017.

. Maung-tha-hla, Rohingya Hoax. New York: Buddhist Rakhaing Cultural Association, 2009.

M. Razvi, The Problem of Burmese Muslims, Pakistan Horizon, vol.31, issue.4, pp.82-93, 1978.

R. Robinson, Among the Mughs or Memorials of the Rev. J. C. Fink, Missionary in Arracan, 1871.

B. Zawacki, Defining Myanmar's "Rohingya Problem, Human Rights Brief, vol.20, issue.3, pp.18-25, 2013.

, The Government Could Have Stopped This": Sectarian Violence and Ensuing Abuses in Burma's Arakan State, Human Rights Watch, 2012.

, All You Can Do Is Pray": Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma's Arakan State, Human Rights Watch, 2013.

Y. Insani and . Vakfi, Istanbul: IHH-The Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief, 2013.

D. Leider, On Arakanese Territorial Expansion: Origins, Context, Means, and Practice, The Maritime Frontier of Burma-Exploring Political, Cultural, and Commercial Interaction in the Indian Ocean World, pp.127-150, 2002.

S. E. , A. Van-galen, and A. Bengal, The Rise and Decline of the Mrauk United Kingdom (Burma) from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Century AD, Pirates, Poets, and Merchants: Bengali Language and Literature in Seventeenth-Century Mrauk-U," in Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India, 2008.

T. , &. Hubert, and J. P. Leider, Traders and Poets at the Mrauk-U Court-On Commerce and Cultural Links in Seventeenth-Century Arakan, Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism, pp.77-111, 2011.

F. Buchanan, A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire, Asiatick Researches, vol.5, pp.219-240, 1799.

F. Buchanan, British colonial archives are silent on the evolution of the Muslim community in the middle of the 19th century. The modest growth of the general population was mainly due to the return of the exiled Arakanese, Asiatick Researches 5 (1799), 223. Rohingya historian Aman Ullah cites Buchanan as implicit proof in "Dr Francis Buchanan MD and Rohingya, vol.16, pp.353-381, 1828.

G. S. Comstock, Journal of the American Oriental Society I (1847), 3. An Arakanese chief in the Maungdaw region is known to have actively promoted the settlement of Bengali agriculturists. (13.) The historical annals presented in Paton's sketch of Arakan contain peculiar Muslim spellings of the titles and names of kings that are rarely, if ever

M. Walter and C. , Where Jambudipa and Islamdom Converged: Religious Change and the Emergence of Buddhist Communalism in Early Modern Arakan, 1999.

J. Baxter, Report on Indian Immigration (Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationery, 1941.

, Burma Gazetteer Akyab District Including Town and Village Census Tables (Rangoon: Government Printing, vol.B, 1912.

R. B. Smart, In 2014, the total percentage of Muslims was estimated at 34 percent (Ministry of Immigration and Population, The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census-The Union, Burma Gazetteer Akyab District (Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationery, vol.2, 2015.

J. Leider, 2017), passim. The article lists the sparse available sources. (20.) An exact written source is hard to come by for the allegation that the British had promised a "Muslim National Area," which is an expression currently found in Rohingyarelated entries on Wikipedia. The allegation is made, for example, in the "Rohingya People" article, but without a precise source, Citizenship in Myanmar: Ways of Being in and from Burma, 1946.

A. Ware, Secessionist Aspects to the Buddhist-Muslim Conflict in Rakhine State, Myanmar, Territorial Separatism and Global Politics: Claims, Methods, and Problems, 2015.

M. Yegar, The Muslims of Burma, 1972.

N. Cheesman, How in Myanmar 'National Races' Came to Surpass Citizenship and Exclude Rohingya, Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol.47, p.3, 2017.

M. Tha, United Rohingya National League, Rohingyas and Kamans, 1963.

, On the expansion of Islam in Bengal, see Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, pp.1204-1760, 1993.

G. E. Daniel and . Hall, Studies in Dutch Relations with Arakan in the Seventeenth Century, Journal of the Burma Research Society, vol.26, pp.1-31, 1937.

A. P. Phayre, 679-712; for recent scholarly insights, see d'Hubert and Leider, 37.) Yunus, History of Arakan. Yunus was the founder of the Rohingya Solidarity Organization, vol.2, 1841.

A. Karim, Most of this work is in Burmese and has been self-published, Towards Understanding Arakan History (A Study on the Issue of Ethnicity in Arakan, Myanmar), pp.5-39, 2000.

U. Kyaw and M. , A Glimpse into the Hidden Chapters of Arakan History (Yangon: Khin Ma Khyo, 2013.

U. Kyaw and M. , Rui ha? gy? samui? kui chan. cac khra?? (Examination of Rohingya History, 2015.

J. P. Leider, Competing Identities and the Hybridized History of the Rohingyas, Metamorphosis: Studies in Social and Political Change in Myanmar, 2015.

. Cheesman, 14. The concept of "national race" (taingyintha) became the benchmark for membership of the political community during the Ne Win regime (1962-1988) and led to the civic exclusion of the Rohingyas under the subsequent SLORC/SPDC rule, 1988.

A. Selth and . Burma's-muslims, , 2003.

P. From and . Oxford-research-encyclopedia, All Rights Reserved. Personal use only; commercial use is strictly prohibited (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice), 2016.

M. Bohmu-hla, The perception of a migratory threat persisted over the following decades. Plans announced in 2002 to build a road between Dhaka and Yangon were shelved because of fears that development could trigger a further increase in the Muslim population, which has frustrated Bangladesh's desire to expand its economic relations with Myanmar. See also Helal Mohammed Khan, Ta? pra khyak Nui??a? khy?? s?? my?? va? rok hmu nha?. rakhui? prañnay mha phrac rap akhre ane akhyui, pp.333-352, 1983.

, A Qualitative Assessment of Successful Local Organizations (LOs): A Critical Study of Northern Rakhine State

. Myanmar, University of Reading, Department of International and Rural Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, PhD diss., 2003), provides rare insights into local Muslim social hierarchies

F. Wade, Myanmar's Enemy Within, pp.69-97, 2017.

A. Cowley, M. Zarni-;-nausheen, and H. Anwar, Fortify Rights and Allard K. Lowenstein International Rights Clinic, Yale Law School, Persecution of the Rohingya Muslims: Is Genocide Occurring in Myanmar's Rakhine State?, The Slow-Burning Genocide of Myanmar's Rohingya, vol.23, p.415, 2013.

. Kazi-fahmida-farzana, Forced Migration and Statelessness: Voices and Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh, 2011.

, Burmese People in Pakistan" was changed to "Rohingya People in Pakistan"; the category "Pakistani people of Burmese descent" was switched to "Pakistani people of Rohingya descent"; and the expression "Pakistan Burmese" became "Rohingya people in Pakistan, PRINTED FROM the OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, ASIAN HISTORY (asianhistory.oxfordre.com). (c), 2012.

, Such complementary expressions are also not infrequently found in human rights and UN reports before 2012. Although the name Rohingya has come increasingly into use, the local legacy of, his famous article on "Burma's exiled Muslims, 2009.

, Perplexed' Dhaka Wants Closer Cooperation on Security and Refugees, 54.) UNHCR statement for the period between October 9, 2015.

, Regarding the Rohingya refugees, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, in a speech on September 19, linked their repatriation to a verification process. In another move linked to the situation in Rakhine State, the government formed the Union Enterprise for Humanitarian Assistance, Resettlement, and Development in Rakhine (UEHRD) to further PRINTED FROM the OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, ASIAN HISTORY (asianhistory.oxfordre.com). (c), The Global New Light of Myanmar, vol.83, pp.13-24, 2016.

, Military Sanction 'Very Specific, Myanmar Times, 2017.

, Danish Immigration Service (DIS), Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh and Thailand. Fact-Finding Mission to Bangladesh and Thailand, Danish Immigration Service, p.12, 2011.

S. Berthet, The shift from historical accounts is evident by comparing the content columns of Rohingya websites. Websites that were set up before 2011 frequently contain historical articles, sometimes from the colonial period-for example, the "Scholar's Column" of www.kaladanpress.org, a Rohingya news agency founded in 2001. Although post-2012 websites may still have a, Ethnic and Religious Identities and Integration in Southeast Asia, vol.22, pp.191-239, 2013.

G. E. Hall, A. Phayre, G. E. Harvey, and M. C. Collis, In the 17th century, several Bengali poets flourished at the court of Mrauk U. The most famous was Alaol, taken prisoner during an Arakanese naval raid and deported to Mrauk U. Alaol's poetry forms part of the canon of classic Bengali literature that educated people would have been familiar with. During the early 20th century, interest in this cross-cultural heritage seems to have been limited to Bengali or Burmese writers. An exception was Bisvesuar Bhattacharya, PRINTED FROM the OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, ASIAN HISTORY (asianhistory.oxfordre.com). (c), vol.33, pp.139-144, 1927.

P. Arthur, G. E. Phayre, and . Harvey, Maurice Collis, a judge and prolific writer who brought chapters of regional history to a broad public by romanticizing fact and fiction, had a lasting influence on both Buddhist and Muslim minds. His popular book The Land of the Great Image, Being Experiences of Friar Manrique in Arakan (London: Faber and Faber, 1943) transformed the apologetic account of an Augustinian monk into a seemingly objective description of Arakan in the middle of the 17th century. Collis's influential academic paper "Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay (A Study of Coinage and Foreign Relations), History of Burma, vol.19, pp.34-52, 1925.

C. L. Pugh, Is Citizenship the Answer? Constructions of Belonging and Exclusion for the Stateless Rohingya of Burma, Compas Working Paper, vol.107, pp.4-24, 2013.

;. Candam?l?la?k?ra and . Or-3465a, Schouten is best read against the background of Arakan-Bengal relations presented by van Galen, Arakan and Bengal. (65.) Four of the most widely quoted sources for this period are Francis Hamilton, Rakhui? r?java? sac (New Chronicle of Arakan) (Mandalay: Hamsavati Pitakat, vol.1, pp.219-240, 1927.

. Paton, Historical and Statistical Sketch of, Arakan

. Phayre, Address Presented by Jamiat Ul Ulema North Arakan on Behalf of the People of North Arakan to the Hon'ble Prime Minister of the Union of Burma on the Occasion of His Visit to Maungdaw on the, Account of Arakan"; and Comstock, pp.219-258, 1947.

R. B. Pearn, National Archives, British Foreign Office, FO 371/101002-FB 1015/63; and "Brigadier General Aung Gyi's Speech, 4th, 67.) East Pakistan District Gazetteers, Chittagong, vol.12, pp.9-26, 1952.

B. Burma/foreign and . Department,

B. British and . Gazetteer, Government Printing and Stationery, vol.1879

, Imperial Gazetteer of India (Provincial Series, 1908.

B. Gazetteer, Akyab District Including Town and Village Census Tables, 1912.

B. Gazetteer, Hill District of Arakan Including Town and Village Census Tables, 1912.

B. Gazetteer, Kyaukpyu District Including Town and Village Census Tables, 1912.

B. Smart and . Gazetteer, Akyab District

W. B. Tydd, Burma Gazetteer Sandoway District (Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationery, 1921.

G. E. Grant-brown, Burma Gazetteer Northern Arakan District (or Arakan Hill Tracts) (Rangoon: Government and Printing Stationery, vol.A, 1960.

J. Baxter, Report on Indian Immigration (Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationery, 1941.

B. Tha, Two other seminal documents are Rui ha? gy? mvat ca la? ñ? ñhvat re? tap po? cu aphvè. khyup/ (69.) Among his articles, the following are of particular relevance for Rohingya historiography: Tahir Ba Tha, Prañ tho? cu I tui?? ra?? s?? l? myui? ta myui? phrac so "Ruiha?gy?" l? myui? cu i r?java? akyañ: khyup (A Short History of, vol.12, pp.9-13, 1965.

R. Mole, The Temple Bells Are Calling-A Personal Record of the Last Years of British Rule in Burma, 2001.

, Arakan Rohingya National Organisation issues from 2009 and 2010 are downloadable as PDF files on the Web under various addresses; for example, burmalibrary.org/docs08/ mag_arakan01-05.pdf. (72.) Unlike numerous reports written after the violence in 2012, which display a poor understanding of the Rohingya refugee context, a DIS delegation produced a report of lasting interest about the Rohingya refugees: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh and Thailand. Fact-Finding Mission to Bangladesh and Thailand 4 to, A few of ARNO's Monthly Arakan-News and Analysis of the, 2011.