, Livre Najaf.indb, vol.179, p.31

, In the sixteenth century CE, the Bohra leadership moved to India, where most of its adherents are now located. Zaydis, also known as Fivers, represent avery early school of Shi'ism named after Zayd Ibn 'Ali, the grandson of al-Husayn Ibn 'Ali. They share with Imami Shi'is the belief in the rst three imams but diverge from them after that, both in the line of legitimate succession and in the nature of later imams. According to Zaydis, who are now primarily concentrated in Yemen, any descendent of al-Hasan or al-Husayn can be an imam if he exhibits certain attributes of knowledge and zeal in ghting oppression, system back to Yemen where it evolved under the Fatimid Caliphate (925-1170)

P. G. Pinto, Pilgrimage, commodities and religious objectication: the making of transnational Shiism between Iran and Syria, Comparative Studies of South Asia, issue.27, pp.109-125, 2007.

M. Mughniyya, Tajarib Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya, p.38, 1980.

A. Faleh and . Jabar, The Shi'a Movement of Iraq, p.124, 2003.

R. Yann, . Shi'ite, and . Islam, Polity, Ideology, and Creed, p.11, 1995.

, The most popular compendium of visitation rites is Shaykh 'Abbas al-Qummi, Mafatih al-jinan: wa yalihi kitab al-baqiyat al-salihat (Beirut, 2011), long known in Persian

. Nakkash, , pp.142-185

. Nakkash, , pp.161-62

. Jabar, , pp.189-98

. Jabar, , p.195

M. Ayoub, Redemptive Suffering in Islam: AStudy of the Devotional Aspects of 'shr' in Twelver Sh'ism, 1978.

. Nakkash, , pp.186-87

. Nakkash, , p.87

M. Jawad and A. Qadiman, , p.10, 1987.

M. Fartusi, , pp.2-4

J. Spencer and J. M. Fiey, Christianity among the Arabs in pre-Islamic times, vol.3, pp.203-233, 1970.

, Dates given in this dual form refer rst to the Islamic, or Hijri, calendar, then to the common era (CE) datings

I. Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. J. C. Broadhurst, p.220, 2008.

I. Battutah, The Travels of Ibn Battutah, p.86, 2002.

A. Al and -. Azzawi, Tarikh al-'iraq bayna ihtilalayn, vol.2, p.240, 1935.

&. Azzawi, , vol.4, pp.36-37

H. Algar, Religion and State in Iran, The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period (Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp.42-48, 1969.

Y. Nakkash, The Shi'is of Iraq, 1994.

. Guy-le-strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, pp.48-50, 2011.

. Fartusi, Azzawi, vol.2, p.133, 1969.

. Fartusi, , pp.227-256

. Fartusi, , pp.233-269

, Its adherents believe in twelve divinely ordained and infallible imams who are the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through hisdaughter Fatima and his cousin and son-in-law 'Ali, who is the rst imam. The Isma'ili or Sevener Shi'is developed a somewhat different doctrine after the death of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq in 756 CE and acknowledged theimamate of Isma'il and the presence of a living imam for every generation. The Bohras, often called Dawoodi Bohras, represent a branch of Isma, Twelver or Imami Shi'ism is the largest branch of Shi'i Islam, today found mostly in Iran, vol.11, p.31

I. Jubayr, Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. J. C. Broadhurst. London, APH, 2008.

F. A. Jabar, The Shi'ite Movement in Iraq, 2003.

M. Jawad, Al-Najaf qadiman, 1987.

M. Jamali and . Fadil, The theological colleges of Najaf, Muslim World, vol.50, issue.1, pp.15-22, 1960.

F. Al-kubaisy, Najaf: The Architectural and Urban Heritage of Iraq's Holiest City. Bilingual English and Arabic, 2008.

L. Strange and . Guy, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Cosimo Classics (rst pub. Oxford), 1900.

M. Litvak, Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala, 1998.

S. Mahir, Mashhad al-imam 'Ali al-Najaf wa-ma bihi min al-hadayia w'al-tuhaf, 1969.

S. Mervin, La. Hawza à l'preuve du sicle: la rforme del'enseignement religieux suprieur chiite de 1909 ànos jours, Le courant réformiste musulman et sa réception dans lessociétés arabes. Damascus, Institut français du Proche-Orient, vol.81, pp.63-78, 1960.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01865985

M. Mughniyya and . Jawad, Tajarib Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya, 1980.

. Al-muzaffar and &. Muhsin, Maqbarat al-Najaf al-kubra. Dirasat tahliliyya zamaniyya-makaniyya li-dhahirat al-dafn al-madina. Amman, Dar Sifa' lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzi, 2008.

, Bibliography and further reading

H. Algar, Religion and State in Iran, The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period. Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp.1785-1906, 1969.

J. W. Allan, The Art and Architecture of Twelver Sh'ism, 2012.

M. Al-amin, Autobiographie d'un clerc chiite du Jabal 'Amil, 1998.

S. Arjomand, Authority and Political Culture inShi'ism, 1988.

T. Asad, enealogies of Religion: Disciplines of Power in Christianity and Islam, 1993.

M. Ayoub, Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of 'shr' in Twelver Sh'ism, 1978.

A. Azzawi, Tarikh al-'iraq bayna ihtilalayn, 8vols, 1935.

A. Al-bahadili, Al-hawza al-'ilmiyya-l-Najaf, 1993.

. Ma, , 1920.

J. Berque, Hier et aujourd'hui à, Najaf et Karbala. Arabica, vol.9, pp.325-367, 1962.

, Sh'ism and Social Protest, 1987.

S. Al-fartusi and . Mahdi, Marqad wa darih amiral-mu'minin, 2010.

J. Fiey, Jalons pour une histoire del'Église en Iraq, 1970.

I. Battutah, The Travels of Ibn Battutah, 2002.

L. Najaf, , vol.11, p.31

Y. Richard, Shi'ite Islam: Polity, Ideology, and Creed, trans. A. Nevill, 1995.

J. Trimingham and . Spence, Christianity Among theArabs in pre-Islamic Times, 1979.

, The Most Learned of theShi'a. The Institution of the Marja'i Taqlid, 2001.

Y. Nakash, The Shi'is of Iraq, 1994.

P. G. Pinto, Pilgrimage, commodities and religious objectication: the making of transnational Shiism between Iran and Syria. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol.27, pp.109-134, 2007.

J. Al-qazwini, Al-marja'iyya al-diniyya al-'ulya 'inda al-shi'a al-imamiyya. Dirasa al-tatawwur al-siyasi wa al-'ilmi, 2005.

. Al-qummi, Mafatih al-jinan, 2011.

. Beirut, Dar wa Maktaba al-Basa'ir

M. Al-turayhi and . Kazim, Al-Najaf al-ashraf madinat al-'ilm wal-'umran, 2002.

M. Al-turayhi, &. Sa, and . Id, Al-diyarat wa'l-amkina al-nasraniyya 'l-kufa wa dawahiha, 1981.

, He has collaborated with major French and international newspapers and magazines, including Newsweek, National Geographic, Paris Match and Le Monde. In 2010 he created Encre d'Orient, a publication collection specializing in the Middle East, Islamic cultures and the countries of the former Soviet bloc. He studied Medieval Islam and Byzantine civilizations at the Sorbonne