T. Oke, Boundary Layer Climates, 2002.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203407219

E. Jamei, P. Rajagopalan, M. Seyedmahmoudian, and Y. Jamei, Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.54, pp.1002-1017, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.104

J. M. Robine, S. L. Cheung, S. Le-roy, H. Van-oyen, C. Griffiths et al., Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.331, issue.2, pp.171-178, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001

S. Jochner and A. Menzel, Urban phenological studies ??? Past, present, future, Environmental Pollution, vol.203, pp.250-261, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.003

R. K. Kaufmann, K. C. Seto, A. Schneider, Z. Liu, L. Zhou et al., Climate Response to Rapid Urban Growth: Evidence of a Human-Induced Precipitation Deficit, Journal of Climate, vol.20, issue.10, pp.2299-2306, 2007.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI4109.1

M. Kolokotroni, X. Ren, M. Davies, and A. Mavrogianni, London's urban heat island: Impact on current and future energy consumption in office buildings, Energy and Buildings, vol.47, pp.302-311, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.019

C. Sarrat, A. Lemonsu, V. Masson, and D. Guedalia, Impact of urban heat island on regional atmospheric pollution, Atmospheric Environment, vol.40, issue.10, pp.1743-1758, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.037

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00519530

D. Revel, H. M. Füssel, and A. Jol, Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in, Europe, 2012.

M. Santamouris, L. Ding, F. Fiorito, P. Oldfield, P. Osmond et al., Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment ??? Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation technologies using performance data from 220 large scale projects, Solar Energy, vol.154, pp.14-33, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.006

Y. Kikegawa, Y. Genchi, H. Kondo, and K. Hanaki, Impacts of city-block-scale countermeasures against urban heat-island phenomena upon a building???s energy-consumption for air-conditioning, Applied Energy, vol.83, issue.6, pp.649-668, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apenergy.2005.06.001

J. Bernard, A. Rodler, B. Morille, and X. Zhang, How to Design a Park and Its Surrounding Urban Morphology to Optimize the Spreading of Cool Air? Climate, p.10, 2018.

E. Ng, L. Chen, Y. Wang, and C. Yuan, A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong, Building and Environment, vol.47, pp.256-271, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.014

I. D. Stewart, Redefining the Urban Heat Island, 2011.

I. D. Stewart and T. R. Oke, Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.93, issue.12, pp.1879-1900, 2012.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1

T. R. Oke, Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: Comparison of scale model and field observations, Journal of Climatology, vol.2, issue.3, pp.237-254, 1981.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1950.tb00333.x

A. Bernabé, J. Bernard, M. Musy, H. Andrieu, E. Bocher et al., Radiative and heat storage properties of the urban fabric derived from analysis of surface forms. Urban Clim, pp.205-218, 2015.

M. Hämmerle, T. Gál, J. Unger, and A. Matzarakis, Comparison of models calculating the sky view factor used for urban climate investigations, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.521-527, 2011.
DOI : 10.1504/IJEP.2009.021817

A. Matzarakis and O. Matuschek, Sky view factor as a parameter in applied climatology rapid estimation by the SkyHelios model, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, vol.20, issue.1, pp.39-45, 2011.
DOI : 10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0499

L. Zeng, J. Lu, W. Li, and Y. Li, A fast approach for large-scale Sky View Factor estimation using street view images, Building and Environment, vol.135, pp.74-84, 2018.
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.009

P. P. Kastendeuch, A method to estimate sky view factors from digital elevation models, International Journal of Climatology, vol.7, issue.41, pp.1574-1578, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3370070210

L. Chapman and J. Thornes, Real-Time Sky-View Factor Calculation and Approximation, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol.21, issue.5, pp.730-741, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0730:RSFCAA>2.0.CO;2

J. Unger, Connection between urban heat island and sky view factor approximated by a software tool on a 3D urban database, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol.36, issue.1/2/3, pp.59-80, 2008.
DOI : 10.1504/IJEP.2009.021817

L. Chen, E. Ng, X. An, C. Ren, M. Lee et al., Sky view factor analysis of street canyons and its implications for daytime intra-urban air temperature differentials in high-rise, high-density urban areas of Hong Kong: a GIS-based simulation approach, International Journal of Climatology, vol.45, issue.41, pp.121-136, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.05.010

J. Böhner, K. R. Mccloy, and J. Strobl, SAGA: Analysis and Modelling Applications, Number, vol.115, 2006.

E. Bocher and G. Petit, ORBISGIS: Geographical Information System Designed by and for Research, Innovative Software Development in GIS, pp.23-66, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00164-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01092989

E. Cordeau, Les îLots Morphologiques Urbains (IMU) 2016 Available online: https://www.iau-idf.fr/ savoir-faire/nos-travaux, 2018.

E. Bocher, G. Petit, and N. Fortin, Palominos, S. H2GIS a spatial database to feed urban climate issues, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC9), pp.20-24, 2015.

T. Gál, F. Lindberg, and J. Unger, Computing continuous sky view factors using 3D urban raster and vector databases: comparison and application to urban climate, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.7, issue.1-2, pp.111-123, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-007-0362-9

E. Bocher, G. Petit, J. Bernard, and S. Palominos, A geoprocessing framework to compute urban indicators: The MApUCE tools chain, Urban Climate, vol.24, pp.153-174, 2018.
DOI : 10.1016/j.uclim.2018.01.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01730717

D. Groleau and P. G. Mestayer, Urban Morphology Influence on Urban Albedo: A Revisit with the S olene Model. Bound.-Layer Meteorol, pp.301-327, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10546-012-9786-6

, This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http, Licensee MDPI