L. , D. Genoud, R. Fonfria, and M. Aubert, Alain Pauly et Eric Dufrene pour l'identification des abeilles Merci à la Société Centrale d'Apiculture et à M Duroselle pour les informations sur l'apiculture urbaine. Merci à l'Agence d'Écologie Urbaine

M. Alberti, Eco-evolutionary dynamics in an urbanizing planet, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.30, issue.2, pp.114-128
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.007

K. Ahrne, J. Bengtsson, and T. Elmqvist, Bumble Bees (Bombus spp) along a Gradient of Increasing Urbanization, PLoS ONE, vol.29, issue.5, p.5574, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0005574.s001

K. C. Baldock, M. A. Goddard, D. M. Hicks, W. E. Kunin, N. Mitschunas et al., Where is the UK's pollinator biodiversity? The importance of urban areas for flower-visiting insects, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.9, issue.1, p.20142849
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0086357

W. Banaszak?cibicka and M. ?mihorski, Wild bees along an urban gradient: winners and losers, Journal of Insect Conservation, vol.62, issue.1, pp.331-343, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00145-7

P. Clergeau, S. Croci, J. Jokimai, . Kaisanlahti?jokima¨m?l, M. N. Dinetti et al., Avifauna homogenisation by urba? nisation: analysis at different Europeanlatitudes 2016 ? Functional homogenization of flower visitor communities with urbanization, Biol Conserv Ecology and Evolution, vol.127, pp.336-344, 2006.

E. D. Fetridge, J. S. Ascher, and G. A. Langellotto, The Bee Fauna of Residential Gardens in a Suburb of New York City (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol.21, issue.6, pp.1067-1077, 2008.
DOI : 0888-8892(2007)021[0213:EOHDOB]2.0.CO;2

L. Fortel, M. Henry, L. Guilbaud, A. L. Guirao, M. Kuhlmann et al., 2014 ? Decreasing Abundance, Increasing Diversity and Changing Structure of the Wild Bee Community (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) along an Urbanization Gradient, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.8

. L. Fortel, M. Henry, L. Guilbaud, H. Mouret, and B. E. Vaissière, 2016 ? Use of man?amde nesting struc? tures by wild bees in an urban environment, J. Insect Conserv

M. Garbuzov, K. A. Fensome, and F. L. Ratnieks, 2015 ? Public approval plus more wildlife: twin benefits of reduced mowing of amenity grass in a suburban public park in Saltdean, UK. Insect Conservation and Diversity, vol.8, pp.170-119

B. Geslin, 2013 ? Plant Pollinator Networks along a Gradient of Urbanisation, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.5

B. Geslin, V. Le-féon, M. Kuhlmann, B. E. Vaissière, and I. Dajoz, 2016a ? The bee fauna of central parks, pp.1-7

B. Geslin, V. Le-féon, M. Folschweiller, F. Flacher, D. Carmignac et al., 2016b ? The proportion of impervious surfaces at the landscape scale structures wild bee assemblages in a densely populated region, Ecology and Evolution

D. Goulson, 2015 ? Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers, Science, vol.10, p.1255957, 1126.

N. B. Grimm, S. H. Faeth, N. E. Golubiewski, C. R. Redman, J. Wu et al., Global Change and the Ecology of Cities, Science, vol.20, issue.5833, pp.756-760, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1140170

D. M. Hall, G. R. Camilo, R. K. Tonietto, D. H. Smith, J. Ollerton et al., 2016 ? The city as a refuge for insect pollinators, Conserv. Biol

M. Kuhlmann, J. S. Ascher, H. H. Dathe, A. W. Ebmer, P. Hartmann et al., Apoidea: Anthophila)

D. Lowenstein, K. Matteson, I. Xiao, A. Silva, and E. Minor, Humans, bees, and pollination services in the city: the case of Chicago, IL (USA), Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.7, issue.4845, pp.2857-2874
DOI : 10.1007/s11829-013-9246-3

K. Matteson, J. Ascher, and G. A. Langellotto, Bee Richness and Abundance in New York City Urban Gardens, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol.21, issue.1, pp.140-150, 2008.
DOI : 0888-8892(2007)021[0213:EOHDOB]2.0.CO;2

N. M. Mazzeo and J. P. Torretta, 2015 ? Wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in an urban botanical gar? den in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ, vol.521, pp.1-12

N. E. Mcintyre and M. E. Hostetler, Effects of urban land use on pollinator (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) communities in a desert metropolis, Basic and Applied Ecology, vol.218, pp.209-218, 2001.

M. Mckinney, Effects of urbanization on spe? cies richness: a review on plants and animals, pp.161-176, 2008.

A. Nieto, 2014 ? European Red List of bees

G. Pardee and S. Philipott, Native plants are the bee???s knees: local and landscape predictors of bee richness and abundance in backyard gardens, Urban Ecosystems, vol.81, issue.6, pp.641-659
DOI : 10.2317/JKES-701.17.1

J. Pawelek, G. Frankie, R. Thorp, and M. Przybylski, Modification of a community garden to attract native bee pollinators in urban San Luis Obispo, California, Cities and the Environment, vol.2, issue.1, p.7, 2009.

M. Sirohi, J. Jackson, M. Edwards, and J. Ollerton, Diversity and abundance of solitary and primitively eusocial bees in an urban centre: a case study from Northampton (England), Journal of Insect Conservation, vol.62, issue.3, pp.487-500
DOI : 10.2307/1938586

C. Threlfall, K. Walker, N. Williams, A. Hahs, L. Mata et al., The conservation value of urban green space habitats for Australian native bee communities, Biological Conservation, vol.187, pp.240-248
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.003

D. A. Tommasi, H. A. Miro, and &. L. Higo, Bee diversity and abundance in an urban setting. The Canadian Entomologist, pp.851-869, 2004.

R. Tonietto, J. Fant, J. Ascher, K. Ellis, and D. Larkin, A comparison of bee communities of Chicago green roofs, parks and prairies, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.103, issue.1, pp.102-108
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.004

A. Torre?noguera, A. Rodrigoa, S. Osorioa, and J. Boschaa, 2015 ? Collateral effects of beekeeping: Impacts on pollen?nectarresources and wild bee communities State of the World Population Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth, Basic and Applied Ecology, 2007.

N. J. Vereecken, E. Dufrêne, and M. Aubert, Rapport de synthèse sur les risques liés à l'introduction de ruches de l'abeille domestique (Apis melllifera) vis?à?vis des abeilles sauvages et de la flore, 2015.

C. Westphal, R. Bommarco, G. Carré, E. Lamborn, N. Morison et al., MEASURING BEE DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT EUROPEAN HABITATS AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS, ? Measuring bee diversity in different european habitats and biogeograg? phical regions, pp.653-671, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/00218839.1982.11100549

B. A. Woodcock, J. B. Isaac, J. M. Bullock, D. B. Roy, D. G. Garthwaite et al., Impacts of neonicotinoid use on long-term population changes in wild bees in England, Nature Communications, vol.139, pp.12459-12469, 1038.
DOI : 10.1890/09-0877.1