M. Akrich, The De-scription of Technical Objects, Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, 1992.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00081744

V. Albino, U. Berardi, and R. M. Dangelico, Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives, Journal of Urban Technology, vol.247, issue.2, pp.1-2015
DOI : 10.1007/s13132-012-0089-4

C. A. Andrews, Rationality in Policy Decision Making, 2007.
DOI : 10.1201/9781420017007.pt4

W. Ascher, The forecasting potential of complex models, Policy Sciences, vol.68, issue.3, pp.247-267, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00138485

M. Batty, K. W. Axhausen, F. Giannotti, A. Pozdnoukhov, A. Bazzani et al., Smart cities of the future, The European Physical Journal Special Topics, vol.327, issue.1, pp.214-481, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1177170

M. Batty, A Chronicle of Scientific Planning: The Anglo-American Modeling Experience, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.4, issue.1, pp.7-16, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/01441649108716778

M. Batty, Progress, Success, and Failure in Urban Modelling, Environment and Planning A, vol.82, issue.8, pp.863-878, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/2230207

N. Brenner, Global cities, glocal states: global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe, Review of International Political Economy, vol.5, issue.1, pp.1-1, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-3448-6_2

G. D. Brewer, Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Consultant: a Critique of Urban Problem Solving, 1973.

R. D. Brunner and W. Ascher, Science and social responsibility, Policy Sciences, vol.14, issue.3, pp.295-331, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00138787

M. Bulmer, Applied Social Research. A Reformulation of 'Applied' and 'Enlightenment' Models Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, pp.187-209, 1981.
DOI : 10.1177/107554708100300205

P. Burnham, New Labour and the Politics of Depoliticisation, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol.30, issue.2, pp.127-149, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/0032329295023004004

M. Callon, Éléments pour une sociologie de la traduction : la domestication des coquilles Saint-Jacques et des marins-pêcheurs dans la baie de Saint-Brieuc, Année sociologique, pp.36-169, 1981.

E. Clarence, Technocracy Reinvented: The New Evidence Based Policy Movement, Public Policy and Administration, vol.1, issue.1, pp.3-4, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S1474746402003068

H. M. Collins and R. Evans, The Third Wave of Science Studies, Social Studies of Science, vol.32, issue.2, pp.235-296, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/0306312702032002003

R. Dennis, T. Fox, M. Fuentes, A. Gilliland, S. Hanna et al., A framework for evaluating regional-scale numerical photochemical modeling systems, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, vol.43, issue.D7, pp.10-471, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/10473289.2005.10464601

J. Deroubaix, The Co-Production of a 'Relevant' Expertise. Administrative and Scientific Cooperation in the French Water Policies Elaboration and Implementation, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, pp.3771-3792, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00752704

W. M. Dunn, Measuring Knowledge Use Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, pp.1-120, 1983.

G. Dupuy and G. , Urbanisme et technique: chronique d'un mariage de raison (Paris: Centre Technique de l'Urbanisme, 1978.

D. Evers and J. D. Vries, Explaining Governance in Five Mega-City Regions: Rethinking the Role of Hierarchy and Government, European Planning Studies, vol.10, issue.3, pp.4-2013
DOI : 10.1080/00343400701861344

F. Fischer, Reconstructing policy analysis: A postpositivist perspective, Policy Sciences, vol.25, issue.3, pp.333-339, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00138788

M. Flinders and J. Buller, Depoliticisation: Principles, Tactics and Tools, British Politics, vol.12, issue.1, pp.293-318, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0967-0750.2004.00171.x

J. W. Forrester, System dynamics???a personal view of the first fifty years, System Dynamics Review, vol.35, issue.2-3, pp.2-3, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/sdr.382

T. F. Gieryn, Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists, American Sociological Review, vol.48, issue.6, pp.6-781, 1983.
DOI : 10.2307/2095325

W. Goldner, The Lowry Model Heritage, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, vol.31, issue.2, pp.100-110, 1971.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1969.tb01351.x

B. Harris and B. , The Real Issues Concerning Lee's ???Requiem???, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.3, issue.1, pp.31-34, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/973301

B. Harris, Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice in Urban Planning, Proceedings of the Conference on the Use of Models by Planning Agencies, 1975.

R. H. Haveman, K. Hollenbeck, and K. , Microeconomic Simulation Models For Public Policy Analysis, 1980.

M. Janowitz, Sociological Models and Social Policy ARSP: Archiv für Rechts-und Sozialphilosophie, pp.305-321, 1969.

S. Jasanoff, Contested Boundaries in Policy-Relevant Science, Social Studies of Science, vol.17, issue.2, pp.195-230, 1987.
DOI : 10.1177/030631287017002001

R. A. Johnston, T. De, and . Barra, Comprehensive regional modeling for long-range planning: linking integrated urban models and geographic information systems, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.34, issue.2, pp.34-125, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-8564(98)00069-X
URL : https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt0f97v7sn/qt0f97v7sn.pdf

L. F. Konikow and J. D. Bredehoeft, Ground-water models cannot be validated, Advances in Water Resources, vol.15, issue.1, pp.75-83, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0309-1708(92)90033-X
URL : http://images.water.nv.gov/images/hearings exhibits/spring valley/August 4th/SNWA/694.pdf

K. S. Korfmacher, Water Quality Modeling for Environmental Management: Lessons from the Policy Sciences, Policy Sciences, vol.31, pp.1-35, 1998.

P. D. Larkey and L. S. Sproull, Models in theory and practice; some examples, problems, and prospects, Policy Sciences, vol.6, issue.4, pp.3-233, 1981.
DOI : 10.1080/0022250X.1976.9989855

B. Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, 1979.

B. Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society, 1987.

C. Lawson, Microsimulation for urban transportation planning: Miracle or mirage?, Journal of Urban Technology, vol.1805, issue.1, pp.55-80, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/01944360208976274

D. B. Jr and . Lee, Requiem for Large-Scale Models, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, vol.39, pp.3-163, 1973.

C. Lefèvre, Metropolitan Government and Governance in Western Democracies: a Critical Review, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.22, pp.1-9, 1998.

S. Maasen and P. Weingart, Democratization of Expertise? Exploring Novel Forms of Scientific Advice in Political Decision-Making, 2005.

P. Matarasso, Integrated Assessment Models of Global Change, Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, issue.4, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007218

C. W. Mills, Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive, American Sociological Review, vol.5, issue.6, pp.904-913, 1940.
DOI : 10.2307/2084524

R. E. Nance and R. G. Sargent, Perspectives on the Evolution of Simulation, Operations Research, vol.50, issue.1, pp.161-172, 2002.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.50.1.161.17790

M. Nilsson, A. Jordan, J. Turnpenny, J. Hertin, B. Nykvist et al., The use and non-use of policy appraisal tools in public policy making: an analysis of three European countries and the European Union, Policy Sciences, vol.39, issue.4, pp.4-335, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-04955-4

D. Ojeu, EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Official Journal of the European Union, vol.60, issue.327, pp.12-22, 2000.

D. Ojeu, EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for, Europe, Official Journal of the European Union, vol.50, issue.152, pp.1-44, 2008.

N. Oreskes, K. Shrader-frechette, and K. Belitz, Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences, Science, vol.263, issue.5147, pp.5147-641, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.263.5147.641

S. Owens, T. Rayner, and O. Bina, New Agendas for Appraisal: Reflections on Theory, Practice, and Research, Environment and Planning A, vol.1, issue.4, pp.1943-1958, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-7333(75)90028-1

H. Pack and J. R. Pack, Urban land-use models: The determinants of adoption and use, Policy Sciences, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-79, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01727603

J. Pierre, Models of Urban Governance. The Institutional Dimension of Urban Politics, Urban affairs review, vol.34, pp.3-372, 1999.

S. H. Putnam, Integrated Urban Models, Policy Analysis of Transportation and Land Use, 1983.

D. A. Schön and M. , Rein Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies, 1994.

C. Seigneur, B. Pun, P. Pai, J. Louis, P. Solomon et al., Guidance for the Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Air Quality Modeling Systems for Particulate Matter and Visibility, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol.50, issue.4, pp.50-588, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464036

J. P. Shim, M. Warkentin, J. F. Courtney, D. J. Power, R. Sharda et al., Past, present, and future of decision support technology, Decision Support Systems, vol.33, issue.2, pp.33-111, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9236(01)00139-7

H. A. Simon, From Substantive to Procedural Rationality, Method and Appraisal in Economics, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4613-4367-7_6

S. L. Star and J. R. Griesemer, Institutional Ecology, 'Translations' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Social Studies of Science, vol.19, pp.3-387, 1989.

P. Todd and I. Benbasat, The Use of Information in Decision Making: An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Computer-Based Decision Aids, MIS Quarterly, vol.16, issue.3, pp.3-373, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/249534

A. Voinov and H. H. Shugart, Integral and Integrated Modeling, Environmental Modelling & Software, pp.39-149, 2013.

M. Wegener, Operational Urban Models State of the Art, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.23, issue.1, pp.17-29, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0041-1647(67)90035-4

E. Wenger, Communities of Practice and Social Learning Systems, Organization, vol.8, issue.2, pp.225-246, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511803932

C. H. Weiss, The Circuitry of Enlightenment. Diffusion of Social Science Research to Policymakers Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, pp.274-281, 1987.

C. H. Weiss, Knowledge Creep and Decision Accretion Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, pp.3-381, 1980.

K. P. Whyte and R. P. Crease, Trust, expertise, and the philosophy of science, Synthese, vol.40, issue.4, pp.411-425, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1527-2001.2002.tb01075.x