S. De, L. Au-xix-e, S. Références, and M. Anderson, The American Census, A Social History, 1988.

. Balinski, Y. Michel, and H. Peyton, Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote, Michigan Law Review, vol.82, issue.4, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/1288706

I. Berlin, Slaves Without Masters The Free Negro in the Antebellum South, Compendium of the Enumeration of the Inhabitants and Statistics of the United States (1841), 1976.

C. , K. Neils, D. A. Gerber, . Morawska, P. Eva et al., The Invention of Ethnicity : A Perspective from the, Journal of American Ethnic History, vol.12, issue.1, pp.3-41, 1992.

M. and D. Lynn, The Making of a Modern Census : the United States Census of Population, pp.1790-1940, 1995.

M. Nobles, Shades of Citizenship . Race and the Census in Modern Politics, Compter et classer. Histoire des catégories de la population dans le recensement américain Thèse de doct, pp.1790-1940, 2000.

P. Skerry, Counting on the Census ? Race, Group Identity and the Evasion of Politics, 2000.

S. Richard and H. , Miscegenation and the American Slave Schedules, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XI, vol.2, pp.251-263, 1980.

U. S. Bureau, . Of, and . Census, The Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1922.

U. S. Bureau, . Of, and . Census, 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population and Housing questions, pp.1790-1990, 1989.

U. S. Census and . Office, Population of the United States in 1860 ; Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, 1864.

U. S. Census and . Office, Ninth Census : The Statistics of the Population of the United States, embracing, The Tables of Race, Nationality , Sex, Selected Ages, and Occupations. To which are added The Statistics of School Attendance and Illiteracy) under The Direction of the Secretary of the Interior, Libraries, Newspapers and Periodicals, Churches, Pauperism and Crime, and of Areas, Families, and Dwellings. Compiled from the original returns of the Ninth Census, 1870.

U. S. Census and . Office, Statistics of the Population of the United States at the Tenth Census, 1880.

U. S. Congress, The Seventh Census Report of the Superintendent of the Census For December 1, 1852 ; To which is appended the Report for, 1851.

W. and M. Lynn, White, Black, or Mulatto : A Sociological Exploration of the Meaning of Racial Classification in the United States Census of 1880, Ph.D, 1997.

J. Williamson, New People. Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States, 1980.