J. Adler, eKhaya ? The anatomy of an inner city residential neighborhood, City Report 2008 Email Edition, pp.23-25, 2008.

J. Beall and O. , Uniting a divided city, Governance and social exclusion in Johannesburg, 2002.

K. Beavon, Johannesburg. The making and shaping of the city, 2004.

C. Bénit, P. And, and . Gervais-lambony, Globalisation as local political instrument in South African metropolitan area (Johannesburg and Ekhuruleni): the 'poor' and the 'shop window'. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 2005.

C. Bénit-gbaffou, S. Didier, and M. Morange, Communities, the Private Sector, and the State: Contested Forms of Security Governance in Cape Town and Johannesburg, Urban Affairs Review, vol.43, issue.5, pp.691-717, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/1078087407309223

J. Berg, Private policing in South Africa: The Cape Town city improvement district ??? pluralisation in practice, Society in Transition, vol.41, issue.2, pp.224-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/21528586.2004.10419117

L. Bremner, Reinventing the Johannesburg inner city, Cities, vol.17, issue.3, pp.185-93, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00013-5

N. Brenner and N. Theodore, Cities and the geographies of 'actually existing neoliberalism, Antipode, vol.343, pp.349-79, 2002.

N. Brenner, J. Peck, and N. Theodore, Variegated neoliberalization: geography, modalities, pathways. Global Networks, pp.182-222, 2010.

R. Briffault, A Government for Our Time? Business Improvement Districts and Urban Governance, Columbia Law Review, vol.99, issue.2, pp.366-425, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1123583

I. R. Cook, Mobilising Urban Policies: The Policy Transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales, Urban Studies, vol.45, issue.4, pp.773-95, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/0042098007088468

I. R. Cook, Private sector involvement in urban governance: The case of Business Improvement Districts and Town Centre Management partnerships in England, Geoforum, vol.40, issue.5, pp.40-930, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.07.003

J. De-beus and T. Koelble, The Third Way diffusion of social democracy: Western Europe and South Africa compared, Politikon, vol.56, issue.2, pp.181-94, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/0198742002.001.0001

S. Didier, M. Morange, and E. Peyroux, City improvement districts and 'territorialized neoliberalism, South Africa, 2011.

. Mayer, Neoliberal urbanism and its contestations ? crossing theoretical boundaries

S. Didier, E. Peyroux, and M. Morange, The spreading of the City Improvement District model in Johannesburg and Cape, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01471841

. Town, Urban regeneration and the neoliberal agenda in South Africa, The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.36, issue.5, pp.915-935

A. Dubresson, Urbanisme entrepreneurial, pouvoir et aménagement, les CID au Cap, Le Cap après l'apartheid, Gouvernance métropolitaine et changement urbain, 2008.

V. Eick, Space patrols': the new peace-keeping functions of nonprofits. Contesting neoliberalization or the urban poor?, Contesting neoliberalism. Urban frontiers, 2007.

N. Fairclough, Language and neo-liberalism. Discourse and Society 11, pp.147-155, 2000.

B. Fine, S. Ashman, and S. Newman, The developmental state and post-liberation South Africa Testing democracy: which way is South Africa going, 2010.

R. Forrest, Social cohesion, social capital and the neighborhood, Urban Studies, vol.3812, pp.2125-2168, 2001.

N. Fraser, Year-end review 1. Citichat, 2004.

P. Guillaume, Johannesburg. Géographies de l'exclusion. IFAS-Karthala, 2001.

L. Hoyt, Collecting private funds for safer public spaces: an empirical examination of the business improvement district concept, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol.31, issue.3, pp.367-80, 2004.
DOI : 10.1068/b29124

L. Hoyt, The business improvement district: an internationally diffused approach to revitalization, International Downtown Association, 2005.

L. Hoyt, Importing Ideas: The Transnational Transfer of Urban Revitalization Policy, International Journal of Public Administration, vol.31, issue.1-3, pp.221-264, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S0143814X03003131

B. Jessop, Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Urban Governance: A State-Theoretical Perspective, Antipode, vol.34, issue.3, pp.452-72, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-8330.00250

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.458.266

L. Leitner, J. Peck, and E. S. Sheppard, Contesting neoliberalism. Urban frontiers, 2007.

R. Lippert, Signs of the surveillant assemblage: privacy regulation, urban CCTV, and governmentality. Social and Legal Studies: An International Journal 18, pp.505-527, 2009.

B. Lipietz, Building a Vision for the Post-Apartheid City: What Role for Participation in Johannesburg's City Development Strategy?, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.3, issue.1, pp.153-63, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00767.x

M. G. Lloyd, J. Mccarthy, S. Mcgreal, and J. Berry, Business Improvement Districts, Planning and Urban Regeneration, International Planning Studies, vol.8, issue.4, pp.295-321, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/1356347032000153133

A. Mabin, Johannesburg: (South) Africa's aspirant global city The making of global city regions, 2007.

E. Mccann and K. Ward, Relationality/territoriality: Toward a conceptualization of cities in the world, Geoforum, vol.41, issue.2, pp.175-84, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.06.006

N. Marquardt and H. Füller, Die Sicherstellung von Urbanität Ambivalente Effekte von BID auf soziale Kontrolle in Los Angeles [Making urban life safe. The ambivalent effects of BID on social control in Los Angeles, Business improvement districts, 2008.

D. A. Mcdonald and L. Smith, Privatising Cape Town: From Apartheid to Neo-liberalism in the Mother City, Urban Studies, vol.5, issue.2, pp.1461-84, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/0042098042000226957

J. Michie and V. Padayachee, South Africa: a third way in the third world? The economics of the third way, 2001.

S. Didier, E. Peyroux, and M. Morange, The spreading of the City Improvement District model in Johannesburg and Cape, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01471841

. Town, Urban regeneration and the neoliberal agenda in South Africa, The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.36, issue.5, pp.915-935

F. Miraftab, Governing Post Apartheid Spatiality: Implementing City Improvement Districts in Cape Town, Antipode, vol.21, issue.1, pp.602-628, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s12132-004-0001-9

J. Mitchell, Business Improvement Districts and the "New" Revitalization of Downtown, Economic Development Quarterly, vol.15, issue.2, pp.115-138, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/089124240101500201

M. Morange and S. Didier, City' Improvement Districts vs. 'Community' Improvement Districts: urban scales and the control of space in post-apartheid Cape Town, Trialog, vol.89, pp.15-20, 2006.

M. Morange and S. Didier, Security discourses, community participation and the power structure in Cape Town, Urban Forum, vol.174, pp.59-85, 2000.

G. Morcöl and U. Zimmermann, Business Improvement Districts: A New Organizational Form in Metropolitan Governance, International Journal of Public Administration, vol.29, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/01900690500408940

A. Morris, Bleakness and light: inner-city transition in Hillbrow, 1999.

M. J. Murray, Taming the disorderly city: the spatial landscape of Johannesburg after apartheid, 2008.

A. Nahnsen, Emergency on planet Cape Town ? competing discourses and practices of desire and fear in a post-apartheid city, 2002.

S. Parnell and E. Pieterse, Developmental local government: the second wave of postapartheid urban reconstruction. Africanus 29, pp.68-85, 1999.

S. Parnell and J. Robinson, Development and Urban Policy: Johannesburg's City Development Strategy, Urban Studies, vol.25, issue.2, pp.337-56, 2006.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400847488

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1028.7222

J. Peck, Geography and public policy constructions of neo-liberalism, Progress in Human Geography, vol.283, pp.392-405, 2004.

J. Peck and A. Tickell, Neoliberalizing space, Antipode, vol.343, pp.380-404, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/9781444397499.ch2

E. Peyroux, City Improvement Districts in Johannesburg: an examination of the local variations of the BID model, Business Improvement Districts, Geographische Handelsforschung, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00336243

E. Peyroux, forthcoming) Legitimating Business Improvement Districts in Johannesburg: a discursive perspective on urban regeneration and policy transfer, European Urban and Regional Studies

R. Pütz, Business Improvement District, Geographische Handelsforschung, 2008.
DOI : 10.14361/transcript.9783839419687.50

J. Robinson, Ordinary cities: between modernity and development, 2006.

C. M. Rogerson, Image enhancement and local economic development in Johannesburg, Urban Forum, vol.32, issue.1, pp.139-58, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03036759

C. M. Rogerson, Towards the World-Class African City: Planning local economic development in Johannesburg, Africa Insight, vol.34, issue.3, pp.12-21, 2004.
DOI : 10.4314/ai.v34i3.22411

J. Seekings, Introduction: Urban Studies in South Africa after Apartheid, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.24, issue.4, pp.832-872, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-2427.00281

R. Tomlinson, From exclusion to inclusion: rethinking Johannesburg's central city, Environment and Planning A, vol.31, issue.9, pp.1655-78, 1999.
DOI : 10.1068/a311655

E. Töpfer, V. Eick-and, J. Sambale, and J. , Business Improvement Districts ? neues Instrument für Containment und Ausgrenzung? Erfahrungen aus Nordamerika und Großbritannien [BIDS ? a new instrument for containment and exclusion? Experiences from North America and Great Britain]. PROKLA, Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 149, pp.511-539, 2007.

S. Didier, E. Peyroux, and M. Morange, The spreading of the City Improvement District model in Johannesburg and Cape, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01471841

. Town, Urban regeneration and the neoliberal agenda in South Africa, The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.36, issue.5, pp.915-935

K. Ward, 'Policies in Motion', Urban Management and State Restructuring: The Trans-Local Expansion of Business Improvement Districts, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.25, issue.8, pp.54-75, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/0042098984574

J. Wolf, Urban governance and business improvement districts, International Journal of Public Administration, vol.29, pp.1-3, 2006.

S. Zukin, The cultures of cities, 1995.

H. M. Zunino, Power relations in urban decision-making: neo-liberalism, 'technopoliticians' and authoritarian redevelopment in Santiago, Chile. Urban Studies 43, pp.1825-1871, 2006.

N. Fraser and I. Citichat, Citichat is a monthly electronic newsletter written by the former head of the CJP. [F5] City Improvement District Act n°12 of 1997, 1999.

S. Didier, E. Peyroux, and M. Morange, The spreading of the City Improvement District model in Johannesburg and Cape, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01471841

. Town, Urban regeneration and the neoliberal agenda in South Africa, The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.36, issue.5, pp.915-935

S. For-instance-business and . Report, Johannesburg exodus continuesMajor CBDs 'beyond point of no return and 'Johannesburg's glow unlikely to return, 1998.

I. See and . Particular, the indicators about trust and performance published by the JDA on an annual basis (Business DayJoburg CBD revamp appears to be paying off') and a number of articles from Citichat and the economic press (Citichat, 14Joburg's recovery in figures' ; Business DayInner-city renewal has a salutary knock-on effect' ; eProp, Bridge Precinct ? Fully Let'), 2006.

. See, targeting beggars: they are not allowed to touch people or follow them around 'in a manner that induces reasonable fear of bodily harm' (Cape Argus, 2006.

. See, the 2005 round-up of 50 street children by the police in central Cape Town (Cape TimesCape Town streets " purged " of street children'), 2005.

S. Didier, E. Peyroux, and M. Morange, The spreading of the City Improvement District model in Johannesburg and Cape, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01471841

. Town, Urban regeneration and the neoliberal agenda in South Africa, The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.36, issue.5, pp.915-935