M. Beckmann and T. Puu, Spatial Economics: Density, Potential and Flow, Studies in Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.14, 1985.

B. Cullingworth and V. Nadin, Town and Country Planning in the UK, 2006.

S. J. Meardon, Modeling Agglomeration and Dispersion in City and Country: Gunnar Myrdal, Francois Perroux, and the New Economic Geography, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.25-57, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1536-7150.00053

M. Moriarty and A. Adams, Issues in Sales Territory Modeling and Forecasting Using Box-Jenkins Analysis, Journal of Marketing Research, vol.16, issue.2, pp.221-232, 1976.
DOI : 10.2307/3150686

R. Vickerman, Spatial Economic Behaviour. The Microeconomic Foundations of Urban and Transport Economics, 1980.

B. Berglund, N. Gentz, and B. , Noise-induced phenomena in slow-fast dynamical systems: a sample-paths approach, Probability and its applications, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00010168

J. A. Carrillo, S. Cordier, and S. Mancini, A decision-making Fokker???Planck model in computational neuroscience, Journal of Mathematical Biology, vol.53, issue.1, pp.801-830, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00285-010-0391-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00452994

J. A. Carrillo, S. Cordier, and S. Mancini, One-dimensional Fokker-Planck reduced dynamics of decision making models in computational neuroscience, Communications in Mathematical Sciences, vol.11, issue.2, 2013.
DOI : 10.4310/CMS.2013.v11.n2.a10
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00652759

J. A. Carrillo, S. Cordier, G. Deco, and S. Mancini, General One-Dimensional Fokker-Planck Reduction of Rate-equations models for two-choice decision making, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.12, 2013.

G. Deco and D. Mart-'i, Deterministic analysis of stochastic bifurcations in multi-stable neurodynamical systems, Biological Cybernetics, vol.100, issue.3, pp.487-496, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00422-007-0144-6

S. Galam, Sociophysics : A Physicist's Modeling of Psycho-political Phenomena, Understanding Complex Systems, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4614-2032-3

A. Roxin, A. Ledberg, and A. , Neurobiological Models of Two-Choice Decision Making Can Be Reduced to a One-Dimensional Nonlinear Diffusion Equation, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.54, issue.3, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000046.s001

H. R. Wilson and J. D. Cowan, Excitatory and Inhibitory Interactions in Localized Populations of Model Neurons, Biophysical Journal, vol.12, issue.1, pp.1-24, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(72)86068-5

P. W. Bibliography-anderson, More Is Different, Science, vol.177, issue.4047, pp.393-396, 1972.
DOI : 10.1126/science.177.4047.393

R. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books, 1984.

R. Axelrod, The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-based Models of Competition and Collaboration, Princeton studies in complexity, 1997.

R. Axelrod and W. D. Hamilton, The evolution of cooperation, Science, vol.211, issue.4489, pp.1390-1396, 1981.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7466396

G. S. Becker, Altruism, egoism, and genetic fitness: Economics and sociobiology, Journal of economic Literature, vol.14, issue.3, pp.817-826, 1976.

S. Bowles and H. Gintis, The evolution of strong reciprocity: cooperation in heterogeneous populations, Theoretical population biology, pp.17-28, 2004.

C. Camerer, Behavioral game theory: Experiments in strategic interaction, 2003.

C. Darwin, The expression of the emotions in man and animals, 1965.

A. Dreber, D. G. Rand, D. Fudenberg, and M. A. Nowak, Winners don???t punish, Nature, vol.10, issue.7185, pp.348-351, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06723

F. Ernst and S. Gaechter, Human behaviour: Egalitarian motive and altruistic punishment(reply), Nature, vol.433, issue.7021, 2005.

J. H. Fowler, Altruistic punishment and the origin of cooperation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.7047-7049, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0500938102

J. H. Fowler, T. Johnson, and O. Smirnov, Egalitarian motive and altruistic punishment, Nature, vol.433, issue.10, 1038.

R. H. Frank, Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions, 1988.

G. Gigerenzer, Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious, Penguin Books, 2008.

M. S. Granovetter, The strength of weak ties', American journal of sociology pp, pp.1360-1380, 1973.

D. Helbing, Social self-organization: Agent-based simulations and experiments to study emergent social behavior, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-24004-1

J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund, Evolutionary games and population dynamics, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139173179

B. A. Huberman and N. S. Glance, Evolutionary games and computer simulations., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.7716-7718, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7716

J. C. Johnson, J. S. Boster, and L. A. Palinkas, Social roles and the evolution of networks in extreme and isolated environments, The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, vol.27, issue.2-3, pp.89-121, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/00222500305890

D. Keltner, J. Haidt, and M. N. Shiota, Social functionalism and the evolution of emotions, Evolution and social psychology, pp.115-142, 2013.

N. L. Kerr and J. M. Levine, The detection of social exclusion: Evolution and beyond., Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, vol.12, issue.1, p.39, 2008.
DOI : 10.1037/1089-2699.12.1.39

R. Kurzban and M. R. Leary, Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion., Psychological Bulletin, vol.127, issue.2, p.187, 2001.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187

E. D. Lumer and G. Nicolis, Synchronous versus asynchronous dynamics in spatially distributed systems, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, vol.71, issue.4, pp.440-452, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90010-8

J. G. March, Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice', The Bell Journal of Economics pp, pp.587-608, 1978.

M. Nakamaru, H. Matsuda, and Y. Iwasa, The Evolution of Cooperation in a Lattice-Structured Population, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.184, issue.1, pp.65-81, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1996.0243

A. Németh and K. Takács, The evolution of altruism in spatially structured populations, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol.10, issue.4, 2007.

M. A. Nowak, Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation, Science, vol.314, issue.5805, pp.1560-1563, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1133755

M. A. Nowak and R. M. May, Evolutionary games and spatial chaos, Nature, vol.359, issue.6398, pp.826-829, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/359826a0

D. Phan, Small worlds and phase transition in agent based models with binary choices, Muller JP, Seidel MM eds. 4 workshop on Agent-Based Simulation, 2003.

D. G. Rand and M. A. Nowak, The evolution of antisocial punishment in optional public goods games, Nature Communications, vol.5, issue.2, p.434, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00644.x

S. Righi and K. Takács, Degree Variance And Emotional Strategies Catalyze Cooperation In Dynamic Signed Networks, ECMS 2014 Proceedings edited by: Flaminio Squazzoni, Fabio Baronio, Claudia Archetti, Marco Castellani, 2014.
DOI : 10.7148/2014-0738

S. Righi and K. Takács, Emotional strategies as catalysts for cooperation in signed networks, Advances in Complex Systems, 2014.

F. C. Santos and J. M. Pacheco, Scale-Free Networks Provide a Unifying Framework for the Emergence of Cooperation, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.9, p.98104, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.098104

F. C. Santos, J. M. Pacheco, and T. Lenaerts, Cooperation Prevails When Individuals Adjust Their Social Ties, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.72, issue.10, p.140, 2006.
DOI : 1063-651X(2005)072[056128:ESACDO]2.0.CO;2

R. Schuessler, Exit Threats and Cooperation under Anonymity, Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol.33, issue.4, pp.728-749, 1989.
DOI : 10.1177/0022002789033004007

H. A. Simon, Models of bounded rationality: Empirically grounded economic reason, 1982.

A. Szolnoki, N. Xie, Y. Ye, and M. Perc, Evolution of emotions on networks leads to the evolution of cooperation in social dilemmas, Physical Review E, vol.87, issue.4, p.42805, 2013.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.87.042805

P. D. Taylor and L. B. Jonker, Evolutionary stable strategies and game dynamics, Mathematical Biosciences, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.145-156, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-5564(78)90077-9

R. L. Trivers, The evolution of reciprocal altruism', Quarterly review of biology pp, pp.35-57, 1971.

V. J. Vanberg and R. D. Congleton, Rationality, morality, and exit', The American Political Science Review pp, pp.418-431, 1992.

V. Neumann, J. Morgenstern, and O. , Game theory and economic behavior, 1944.

C. Wedekind and M. Milinski, Cooperation Through Image Scoring in Humans, Science, vol.288, issue.5467, pp.850-852, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.288.5467.850

T. Yamagishi and N. Hayashi, Selective play: Social embeddedness of social dilemmas, in 'Frontiers in social dilemmas research, pp.363-384, 1996.

T. Yamagishi, N. Hayashi, and N. Jin, Prisoner's dilemma networks: selection strategy versus action strategy, in 'Social dilemmas and cooperation, pp.233-250, 1994.

B. Barnes and J. A. , Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish, Human Relations, vol.7, issue.1, pp.39-58, 1954.
DOI : 10.1177/001872675400700102

A. Batagelj and A. Mrvar, Pajek (version 4.01) [computer software], 2014.

E. Bott, Urban Families: Conjugal Roles and Social Networks, Human Relations, vol.70, issue.6, pp.345-384, 1955.
DOI : 10.1177/001872675500800401

T. Chanier and J. Cartier, Communaut?? d???apprentissage et communaut?? de pratique en ligne : le processus r??flexif dans la formation des formateurs, Revue internationale des technologies en p??dagogie universitaire, vol.3, issue.3, pp.64-82, 2006.
DOI : 10.18162/ritpu.2006.118

C. Inc, S. Seoul, . Koreawww, A. Andrea, F. Ferri et al., An overview of methods for virtual social network analysis Computational social network analysis -Trends, tools and research advances, pp.3-25, 2010.

D. Laat, M. , V. Lally, L. Lipponen, and R. Simons, Investigating patterns of interaction in networked learning and computer-supported collaborative learning: a role for social network analysis, Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp.87-103, 2007.

T. De-praetere, Dokeos (version 1.8.3) [computer software], 2010.

A. Dekker, Conceptual distance in social network analysis, Journal of Social Structure, vol.6, issue.3, 2005.

P. Dillenbourg, C. Poirier, and L. Carles, Communautés virtuelles d'apprentissage: ejargon ou nouveau paradigme, pp.1-26, 2003.

P. Drazdilova, G. Obadi, and K. Slaninova, Analysis and visualization of relations in eLearning Computational social network analysis -Trends, tools and research advances, pp.291-318, 2010.

L. Garton, C. Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman, Studying Online Social Networks, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol.81, issue.2, p.0, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.x

R. Hanneman and M. Riddle, Introduction to social network methods, 2005.

A. He and R. Young, Language Proficiency Interviews, pp.1-24, 1998.
DOI : 10.1075/sibil.14.02he

G. Holtzer, Autonomie et didactique des langues : le Conseil de l'Europe et les langues étrangères, 1995.

J. House, Developing pragmatic competence in English as a lingua franca, Lingua franca communication, pp.245-267, 2002.

C. Jones, L. Esnault, S. Goodyear, P. Hodgson, V. Jones et al., The metaphor of networks in learning: communities, collaboration and practice, Eds) Networked Learning 2004: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Networked Learning, pp.317-323, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190280

K. Lewin, Principles of topological psychology, 1936.
DOI : 10.1037/10019-000

E. Mayo, The human problems of an industrial civilisation, 1933.

J. C. Mitchell, The concept and use of social networks, Social networks in urban situations, 1969.

J. L. Moreno, Psychological organization of groups in the community. 57 th Yearbook of Mental Deficiency, pp.3-25, 1933.

T. Palonen and K. Hakkarainen, Patterns of Interaction in Computer-Supported Learning: A Social Network Analysis, Fourth International Conference of the Learning Sciences, pp.334-339, 2000.

K. Perkinsj and . Newman, Two archetypes in e-discourse : Lurkers and virtuosos, Journal of Educational Telecommunications, vol.2, issue.2, pp.155-170, 1996.

. Rendersoft, Camstudio (version 2.7.2) [computer software]. Southend-on-Sea, 2013.

C. Russo and J. Koesten, Prestige, Centrality, and Learning: A Social Network Analysis of an Online Class, Communication Education, vol.3, issue.3, pp.254-261, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/3069458

C. Sarré, Technology-Mediated Tasks in English for Specific Purposes (ESP), International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, vol.3, issue.2, pp.1-16, 2013.
DOI : 10.4018/ijcallt.2013040101

T. Schmidt, K. Wörner, T. Lehmberg, and H. Hedeland, EXMARaLDA (Partitur Editor version 1.5.2) [computer software], 2013.

J. Scott, Social Network Analysis, Sociology, vol.22, issue.1, 2000.
DOI : 10.1177/0038038588022001007

P. Skehan, The cognitive approach to language learning, 1998.

Y. Fu, R. Xiang, Y. Liu, M. Zhang, and S. Ma, Finding Experts Using Social Network Analysis, in 'Web Intelligence, pp.77-80, 2007.

S. Gao, L. Denoyer, and P. Gallinari, Temporal link prediction by integrating content and structure information, Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management, CIKM '11, 2011.
DOI : 10.1145/2063576.2063744
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01286080

M. A. Hasan, V. Chaoji, S. Salem, and M. Zaki, Link prediction using supervised learning, Proc. of SDM 06 workshop on Link Analysis, Counterterrorism and Security, 2006.

Z. Huang, X. Li, and H. Chen, Link prediction approach to collaborative filtering, Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries , JCDL '05, pp.141-142, 2005.
DOI : 10.1145/1065385.1065415

Z. Huang and D. K. Lin, The Time-Series Link Prediction Problem with Applications in Communication Surveillance, INFORMS Journal on Computing, vol.21, issue.2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1287/ijoc.1080.0292

P. Jaccard, Étude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des alpes et des jura, Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, pp.547-579, 1901.

L. Katz, A new status index derived from sociometric analysis, Psychometrika, vol.13, issue.1, pp.39-43, 1953.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02289026

G. Kossinets, Effects of missing data in social networks, Social Networks, vol.28, issue.3, pp.247-268, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socnet.2005.07.002

D. Liben-nowell, An Algorithmic Approach to Social networks, 2005.

D. Liben-nowell and J. Kleinberg, The link prediction problem for social networks, Proceedings of the twelfth international conference on Information and knowledge management', CIKM '03, pp.556-559, 2003.

D. Liben-nowell and J. M. Kleinberg, The link prediction problem for social networks, pp.556-559, 2003.

D. Liben-nowell and J. M. Kleinberg, The link-prediction problem for social networks, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol.393, issue.7, pp.1019-1031, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/asi.20591

R. N. Lichtenwalter, J. T. Lussier, and N. V. Chawla, New perspectives and methods in link prediction, Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, KDD '10, 2010.
DOI : 10.1145/1835804.1835837

R. Lichtnwalter and N. Chawla, Link prediction: Fair and effective evaluation, in 'Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), IEEE, pp.376-383, 2012.

Y. Liu, T. Liu, T. Qin, Z. Ma, and H. Li, Supervised rank aggregation, Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web , WWW '07, pp.481-490, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1242572.1242638

L. Lü and T. Zhou, Link prediction in complex networks: A survey', Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, pp.1150-1170, 2011.

A. K. Menon and C. Eklan, Link Prediction via Matrix Factorization, Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases' Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.393, issue.6684, pp.437-452, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/30918

M. Montague and J. A. Aslam, Condorcet fusion for improved retrieval, Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on Information and knowledge management , CIKM '02, pp.538-548, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/584792.584881

M. E. Newman, Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States, pp.5200-5205, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0307545100

Q. Ou, Y. D. Jin, T. Zhou, B. H. Wang, and B. Q. Yin, Power-law strengthdegree correlation from resource-allocation dynamics on weighted networks, Phys. Rev. E, vol.75, 2007.

D. Sculley, Rank Aggregation for Similar Items, Proceedings of the Seventh SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM), 2007.
DOI : 10.1137/1.9781611972771.66

K. Subbian and P. Melville, Supervised rank aggregation for predicting influence in networks, the proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing, 2011.

C. Wang, V. Satuluri, and S. Parthasarathy, Local Probabilistic Models for Link Prediction, Seventh IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2007), 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ICDM.2007.108

D. Yin, L. Hong, and B. D. Davison, Structural link analysis and prediction in microblogs URL: http://dblp.uni-trier Self-Organizing Culture: How Norms Emerge in Small Groups, The Psychological Foundations of Culture, Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management -CIKM '11, pp.1163-171, 2004.

B. Beersma and G. A. Van-kleef, Why People Gossip: An Empirical Analysis of Social Motives, Antecedents, and Consequences, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol.4, issue.11, pp.42-2640, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00956.x

K. E. Buckley, R. E. Winkel, and M. R. Leary, Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.14-28, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00064-7

T. Carletti and S. Righi, Emerging structures in social networks guided by opinion's exchanges, Advances in Complex Systems, pp.13-30, 2011.

C. Castellano, S. Fortunato, and V. Loreto, Statistical physics of social dynamics, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.81, issue.2, pp.591-646, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.591

B. Conein, Gossip, Conversation and Group Size: Language as a Bonding Mechanism, Irish Journal of Sociology, vol.9, issue.4, pp.116-131, 2011.
DOI : 10.1086/225469
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00942325

G. Deffuant, Comparing Extremism Propagation in Continuous Opinion Models, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol.9, issue.3, 2006.

G. Deffuant, F. Amblard, S. Huet, S. Bernard, N. Ferrand et al., Simulation de l'évolution des conversions à l'agriuclture biologique dans le département de l'Allier entre 1994 et 1999 par un modèle multi-agents de la population d'agriculteurs, Cemagref, 2000.

G. Deffuant, T. Carletti, and S. Huet, The Leviathan Model: Absolute Dominance, Generalised Distrust, Small Worlds and Other Patterns Emerging from Combining Vanity with Opinion Propagation, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol.16, issue.1, p.23, 2013.
DOI : 10.18564/jasss.2070

R. Dunbar and N. Duncan, Human conversational behavior, Human Nature, vol.22, issue.3, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02912493

L. Ellwardt, G. J. Labianca, and R. Wittek, Who are the objects of positive and negative gossip at work?, Social Networks, vol.34, issue.2, pp.193-205, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.11.003

N. Emler, A Social Psychology of Reputation, European Review of Social Psychology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.171-193, 1990.
DOI : 10.1086/226906

S. Fein and S. J. Spencer, Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.73, issue.1, pp.31-44, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31

S. Fortunato, V. Latora, A. Pluchino, and A. Rapisarda, VECTOR OPINION DYNAMICS IN A BOUNDED CONFIDENCE CONSENSUS MODEL, International Journal of Modern Physics C, vol.16, issue.10, pp.16-1535, 2005.
DOI : 10.1142/S0129183105008126

E. Foster, Research on gossip: Taxonomy, methods, and future directions., Review of General Psychology, vol.8, issue.2, pp.78-99, 2004.
DOI : 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.78

S. Galam, SOCIOPHYSICS: A REVIEW OF GALAM MODELS, International Journal of Modern Physics C, vol.19, issue.03, pp.409-440, 2008.
DOI : 10.1142/S0129183108012297

F. Gargiulo and S. Huet, Opinion dynamics in a group-based society, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.91, issue.5, 2010.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/91/58004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00525341

F. Gargiulo and S. Huet, NEW DISCUSSIONS CHALLENGE THE ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETIES, Advances in Complex Systems, pp.0-1250033, 2012.
DOI : 10.1142/S0219525912500336

T. Hobbes, 1651, Léviathan. Traité de la matière

M. A. Hogg, A Social Identity Theory of Leadership, Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol.76, issue.3, pp.184-200, 2001.
DOI : 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_1

M. A. Hogg, J. C. Turner, and B. Davidson, Polarized Norms and Social Frames of Reference: A Test of the Self-Categorization Theory of Group Polarization, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.77-100, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037//0022-3514.36.8.872

V. Hoorens, Self-enhancement and Superiority Biases in Social Comparison, European Review of Social Psychology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.113-139, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.231

S. Huet, Formes de leadership, défense de soi et commérage, Modèles Formels pour l'Interaction, p.14, 2013.

S. Huet and G. Deffuant, Bounded Confidence with Rejection: Clusters or Scattered Opinions? ESSA, European Social Simulation Association, p.12, 2008.

S. Huet and G. Deffuant, Openness leads to opinion stability and narrowness to volatility, Advances in Complex Systems, pp.405-423, 2010.

K. Kniffin and D. Wilson, Utilities of gossip across organizational levels, Human Nature, vol.14, issue.6, pp.278-292, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s12110-005-1011-6

M. R. Leary, J. M. Twenge, and E. Quinlivan, Interpersonal Rejection as a Determinant of Anger and Aggression, Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol.40, issue.25, pp.111-132, 2006.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2

J. Lorenz and D. Urbig, About the power to Enforce and Prevent Consensus by Manipulating Communication Rules, Advances in Complex Systems, pp.251-269, 2007.

J. L. Martin, Formation and Stabilization of Vertical Hierarchies among Adolescents: Towards a Quantitative Ethology of Dominance among Humans, Social Psychology Quarterly, vol.29, issue.3, pp.241-264, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/019027250907200307

S. Srivastava and J. S. Beer, How self-evaluations relate to being liked by others: Integrating sociometer and attachment perspectives., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.89, issue.6, pp.966-977, 2005.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.966

Y. Stephan and C. Maiano, On the Social Nature of Global Self-Esteem: A Replication Study, The Journal of Social Psychology, vol.147, issue.5, pp.573-575, 2007.
DOI : 10.3200/SOCP.147.5.573-576

K. Sznajd-weron, Sznajd Model and Its Applications, Acta Physica Polonica B, vol.36, issue.8, pp.1001-1011, 2005.

H. Tajfel, Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations, 1978.

J. C. Turner, Social identification and psychological group formation, The social dimension. H. Tajfel. Cambridge, pp.518-538, 1984.

J. C. Turner, M. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, and M. S. , Rediscovering the social groups: A self-categorization theory, 1987.

M. Uhl-bien, Relational Leadership Theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing, The Leadership Quarterly, pp.654-676, 2006.

D. Urbig and R. Malitz, Drifting to more extreme but balanced atttiudes: Multidimensional attitudes and selective exposure, 4th Conference of the European Social Simulation Association, pp.10-14, 2007.

D. Van-knippenberg, B. Van-knippenberg, D. De-cremer, and M. A. Hogg, Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda, The Leadership Quarterly, vol.15, issue.6, pp.825-856, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.002

A. E. Waylen, M. S. Horswill, J. L. Alexander, and F. P. Mckenna, Do expert drivers have a reduced illusion of superiority? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, pp.4-5, 2004.

S. R. Wert and P. Salovey, A social comparison account of gossip., Review of General Psychology, vol.8, issue.2, pp.122-137, 2004.
DOI : 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.122

J. V. Wood and A. L. Forest, Seeking Pleasure and Avoiding Pain in Interpersonal Relationships. Handbook of Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection, M. D. Alicke and C. Sedikides, pp.258-278, 2011.

I. Yaniv and E. Kleinberger, Advice taking in decision making: Egocentric discounting and reputation formation, Organizational behavior and human decision processes, pp.260-281, 2000.

B. Barthes and J. , BUP 926 (Bulletin de l'Union des professeurs de physique et de chimie), 877-884. (Compte-rendu d'enseignement expérimental, 2010.

N. Beliaeff, R. Heimlich, and B. Jeanin, La pétanque de Newton Mémoire de concours : 1 er prix de Olympiades 2010 ; 2ème prix -au concours CASTIC à Canton (Chine) en août 2010, Lycée Eiffel, 2010.

S. Bruxelles and P. Raccah, Argumentation et sémantique : le parti-pris du lexique (eds) Enonciation et partipris, 1992.

C. F. Gauld, Newton???s Cradle in Physics Education, Science & Education, vol.52, issue.1, pp.597-617, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11191-005-4785-3

F. Herrmann and P. Schmaälzle, Simple explanation of a well???known collision experiment, American Journal of Physics, vol.49, issue.8, pp.761-764, 1981.
DOI : 10.1119/1.12407

R. Jakobson, Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics, 1960.

P. Raccah, L'argumentation sans la preuve : prendre son biais dans la langue, Interaction et Cognition, vol.2, pp.1-2, 1998.

P. Raccah, What is an empirical theory of linguistic meaning a theory of?, Diversity and Language Theory Studies in Language Companion Series, 2005.
DOI : 10.1075/slcs.72.04rac

P. Raccah, Contraintes linguistiques et compréhension des énoncés : la langue comme outil de manipulation, Entretiens d'orthophonie, pp.61-90, 2008.

P. Raccah, Linguistique critique : une exploration cognitive Special issue: Linguistique cognitive : une exploration critique, Intellectica, vol.56, pp.305-314, 2011.

P. Raccah, Les questions de rhétorique sont-elles des questions sémantiques ? Réflexions sur une théorie de la signification, informées par des études de sémantique contrastive, pp.29-30, 2011.

P. Raccah, A semantic description of lexicon: a means to efficiently assist intuition?, Presses de l'Université d'État de Novossibirsk ; Série : Linguistique et Communication interculturelle, pp.96-120, 2011.

F. Rastier, Communication ou transmission ? Césure, pp.151-195, 1995.

C. E. Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, vol.27, issue.3, pp.379-423, 1948.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x

C. E. Shannon and W. Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1949.

N. Benaioun-ramirez, Traitement d'imprévus et incidents par un enseignant expérimenté, extrait d'une étude de cas, 2013.

M. Combarnous, Les techniques et la technicité, 1984.

G. De-montmollin, L'influence sociale. Phénomènes, facteurs et théories, 1977.

O. Gelinier, Nouvelle direction de l'entreprise, Editions Hommes et techniques, 1979.

F. Glomeron, Unité et cohérence de la formation des professeurs de technologie -Contribution à la définition des registres de technicité, 2001.

S. Granon and J. Changeux, Deciding between conflicting motivations: What mice make of their prefrontal cortex, Behavioural Brain Research, vol.229, issue.2, pp.419-426, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01463721

F. Johannès, Le lent naufrage de la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse, 2013.

J. Martinand, La didactique des sciences et de la technologie et la formation des enseignants, Aster, vol.19, issue.19, p. 157, pp.61-75, 1994.
DOI : 10.4267/2042/8613

E. Morin, Le défi de la complexité, pp.5-6, 1988.

E. Morin, Science avec conscience, Seuil [Points -Sciences], 1990.

L. Allal, Régulation des apprentissages : orientations conceptuelles pour la recherche et la pratique en éducation Régulation des apprentissages en situation scolaire et en formation, pp.7-23, 2007.

P. Bange, L'analyse des interactions verbales. La dame de Caluire : une consultation, 1987.

M. Barlow, L'évaluation scolaire, décoder son langage, 1992.

E. Benveniste, Problème de linguistique générale, 1966.

C. Blanche-benveniste and C. Jeanjean, Le français parlé : transcription et édition, 1987.

P. Bressoux and P. Pansu, Quand les enseignants jugent leurs élèves, 2005.

D. Bucheton, Professionnaliser ? Vers une ergonomie du travail des enseignants dans la classe de français, Développement des gestes professionnels dans l'enseignement du français, pp.15-27, 2008.

D. Bucheton, Le modèle de « l'agir enseignant et ses ajustement, L'agir enseignant : des gestes professionnels ajustés, pp.25-68, 2009.

J. Cosnier and C. Kerbrat-orecchioni, Décrire la conversation, 1987.

M. Crahay, Chapitre 2. Feedback de l'enseignant et apprentissage des ??l??ves??: revue critique de la litt??rature de recherche, Régulation des apprentissages en situation scolaire et en formation, pp.45-70, 2007.
DOI : 10.3917/dbu.motti.2007.01.0045

A. Culioli, Pourquoi le français parlé est-il si peu étudié ? Recherches sur le français parlé, pp.291-300, 1983.

J. Dolz and B. Schneuwly, Pour un enseignement de l'oral, 1998.

F. François, Le discours et ses entours, 1998.

F. Gadet, Le français ordinaire, 1989.

C. Garcia-debanc and S. Plane, Comment enseigner l'oral à l'école primaire, 2004.

M. Grandaty and G. Turco, Oral dans la classe. Discours, métadiscours, interactions verbales et construction de savoirs à l'école primaire, 2001.

E. Guérin, Sociolinguistique et didactique du français : une interaction nécessaire . Le français aujourd'hui, pp.139-144, 2011.

J. Halté, Entre enseignement et acquisition : problèmes didactiques en apprentissage du langage, Mélange CRAPEL, vol.29, pp.13-28, 2006.

A. Jorro, L'enseignant et l'évaluation. Des gestes évaluatifs en question, 2000.

A. Jorro and . In, Education et formation : nouvelles questions nouveaux métiers, 2003.

C. Kerbrat-orecchioni, Les interactions verbales, 1990.

Y. Mercier-brunel and A. Jorro, La parole évaluative de l'enseignant. Les dossiers des Sciences de l'Education, pp.9-24, 2009.

E. Nonnon, Interactions verbales et développement cognitif chez l'enfant : aperçu des recherches psycholinguistiques récentes en langue française, pp.53-86, 1986.

E. Nonnon, Est-ce qu'on apprend en discutant ? Un exemple d'interaction maître-élèves en Section d'Education Spécialisée, La communication inégale, pp.147-212, 1990.

E. Nonnon, La construction d'objets communs d'attention et de champs notionnels à travers l'activité partagée de descriptionOral dans la classe. Discours, métadiscours, interactions verbales et construction de savoirs à l'école primaire, pp.65-102, 2001.

J. Peytard, Oral et scriptural : deux ordres de situations et de descriptions linguistiques, Langue fran??aise, vol.6, issue.1, pp.35-48, 1970.
DOI : 10.3406/lfr.1970.5478

P. Ricoeur, Soi-même comme un autre, 1990.

P. Vermersch, Approche des effets perlocutoires : 1/ Différentes causalités perlocutoires : demander, convaincre, induire, Expliciter, pp.1-23, 2007.

B. Baeza and N. , Interaction ritual, proxemic: two paradigms to teach formation, Seminar AMISC, 2012.

C. Blanchard-laville and D. Fablet, Analyser les pratiques professionnelles, 1998.

E. Goffman, Interaction ritual, 1974.

T. E. Hall, The Hidden Dimension, Leonardo, vol.6, issue.1, 1966.
DOI : 10.2307/1572461

C. Lessard, Evolution du métier d'enseignant et nouvelle régulation de l'Education, Recherche et Formation, p.35, 2000.

E. Morin, Introduction à la pensée complexe, 2005.

D. A. Norman, Things that make us smart, 1993.

J. F. Robin, La gymnastique : un jeu de règles, e-JRIEPS, pp.27-42, 2012.

A. Siegel, Représentation des Systèmes Dynamiques substitutifs non unimodulaires , Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems, pp.1247-1273, 2003.

L. A. Suchman, Plans and Situated Actions, 1987.

C. Amade-escot, la gestion interactive du contrat didactique en volley-ball: agencement des milieux et régulations du professeur, Didactique de l'éducation physique: Etat des recherches, pp.255-278, 2003.

A. Berthoz, Le sens du mouvement, 1997.

A. Berthoz, Simplexity: simplifying principles for a complex world, 2012.
DOI : 10.12987/yale/9780300169348.001.0001

G. Clergue, L'apprentissage de la complexité (Vols. 1-1), 1997.

A. R. Damasio, Self comes to mind: constructing the conscious brain, 2010.

M. Durand and N. Gal-petitfaux, L'enseignement de l'??ducation physique comme ????action situ??e??????: propositions pour une approche d'anthropologie cognitive, Staps, vol.55, issue.2, pp.79-100, 2001.
DOI : 10.3917/sta.055.0079

M. Durand, Un programme de recherche technologique en formation des adultes, ??ducation et didactique, vol.2, issue.3, pp.97-121, 2008.
DOI : 10.4000/educationdidactique.373

D. Delignières, Complexité et compétences : Un itinéraire théorique en éducation physique, 2009.

N. Gal-petitfaux, C. Sève, M. Cizeron, and D. Adé, Activité et expérience des acteurs en situation : les apports de l'anthropologie cognitive, Sciences de l'intervention en EPS et en sport, pp.67-85, 2010.

A. Hargreaves, Teaching in the Knowledge Society: Education in the Age of Insecurity, 2003.

H. Haken, J. S. Kelso, and H. Bunz, A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements, Biological Cybernetics, vol.37, issue.5, pp.51-347356, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00336922

H. R. Maturana and F. J. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8947-4

D. Nourrit, D. Delignières, N. Caillou, T. Deschamps, and B. Lauriot, On Discontinuities in Motor Learning: A Longitudinal Study of Complex Skill Acquisition on a Ski-Simulator, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.15, issue.2, pp.151-170, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/02701367.1997.10608018

T. Perez-roux, Identité(s) professionnelle(s) des enseignants: les professeurs d'EPS entre appartenance et singularité, 2011.

L. Ria, J. Saury, C. Sève, and M. Durand, Les dilemmes des enseignants débutants : Etudes lors des premières expériences de classe en Education Physique, Science et Motricité, vol.42, pp.47-58, 2001.

L. Ria and J. Visioli, L'expertise des enseignants d'EPS, Science & Motricité, issue.71, pp.3-19, 2010.

L. A. Suchman, Plans and situated actions: the problem of human-machine communication, 1987.

J. Theureau, Le cours d'action: méthode élémentaire (Vols. 1-1), 2004.

J. Theureau, Le cours d'action: méthode développée, 2006.

P. Woods, Teacher Skills and Strategies, 1990.

A. Alessio and A. Bemporad, Nonlinear Model Predictive Control, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, p.384, 2009.

A. Perez, E. , C. Garrouste, and K. Kozovska, Towards a benchmark on the contribution of Education and Training to Employability: a discussion note, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, p.24147, 2010.

S. K. Boateng, C. Garrouste, and S. Jouhette, Measuring Transition from School to Work in the EU: Role of the data source". Conference paper presented at the Conference Catch the Train: Skills, Education and Jobs, 2011.

E. Camacho and C. Bordons, Nonlinear Model Predictive Control, pp.1-16, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-85729-398-5_9

G. Cutuli and R. Guetto, Fixed-Term Contracts, Economic Conjuncture, and Training Opportunities: A Comparative Analysis Across European Labour Markets, European Sociological Review, vol.29, issue.3, pp.616-629, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/esr/jcs011

S. J. Davis, J. Haltiwanger, and S. Schuh, Job Creation and Destruction, 1996.

D. Grip, A. , J. Van-loo, and J. Sanders, The Industry Employability Index: Taking account of supply and demand characteristics, International Labour Review, vol.143, issue.4, pp.211-233, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1564-913X.2004.tb00269.x

B. Gazier, Employability: Concepts and Policies, 1998.

G. Consulting, Skills for green jobs ?Äì European synthesis report, 2010.

L. Harvey, V. Geall, and S. Moon, Work Experience: Expanding Opportunities for Undergraduates, 1998.

J. Hillage and E. Pollard, Employability: Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis. Department for Education and Employment (DfEE), 1998.

D. Mcfadden, Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior, Frontiers in Econometrics, pp.105-142, 1974.

R. Mcquaid and C. Lindsay, The Concept of Employability, Urban Studies, vol.10, issue.97, pp.197-219, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/0042098042000316100

D. T. Mortensen, The cyclical behavior of job and worker flows, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1121-1142, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-1889(94)90050-7

D. T. Mortensen and C. Pissarides, Job Creation and Job Destruction in the Theory of Unemployment, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.61, issue.3, pp.61-397, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2297896

E. A. Oliver, Living flexibly? How Europe's science researchers manage mobility, fixed-term employment and life outside work, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol.33, issue.2, pp.3856-3871, 2012.
DOI : 10.2304/eerj.2009.8.4.550

B. Petrongolo and C. Pissarides, Looking into the Black Box: A Survey of the Matching Function, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.39, issue.2, pp.390-431, 2001.
DOI : 10.1257/jel.39.2.390

C. Pissarides and D. Mortensen, New Developments in Models of Search in the Labour Market. CEPR Discussion Paper, p.2053, 1999.

S. J. Qin and T. A. , A survey of industrial model predictive control technology, Control Engineering Practice, vol.11, issue.7, pp.733-764, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0967-0661(02)00186-7

J. Varet, Prospective de l'emploi dans le domaine des géosciences à l'horizon 2020, 2008.

R. A. Wilson, Skills supply and demand in Europe: medium-term forecast up to 2020. Thessaloniki: Cedefop, 2010. however much of them may be devoted to riotous living

J. Austin, How to do things with Words: The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University, 1955.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198245537.001.0001

P. Cadiot and F. , Propri??t??s extrins??ques en s??mantique lexicale, Journal of French Language Studies, vol.10, issue.4, pp.1-19, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/mind/104.413.1

A. Cournot, Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses, 1838.

D. Vroey and M. , Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Economic Theory: A Confrontation of the Classical, Marshallian and Walras-Hicksian Conceptions, Economics and Philosophy, vol.29, issue.02, pp.161-185, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1884385

D. Vroey and M. , The Marshallian Market and the Walrasian Economy. Two Incompatible Bedfellows, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol.46, issue.3, pp.319-338, 1999.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9485.00135

M. Friedman, The Marshallian Demand Curve, Journal of Political Economy, vol.57, issue.6, pp.463-495, 1949.
DOI : 10.1086/256879

M. Higgins, In a Seller's Market, Every Minute Counts, 2013.

N. Kaldor, Alternatives Theories of Distribution, The Review of Economic Studies, pp.94-100, 1956.

N. Kalecki, The determinants of profits " . In Selected Essays on the Dynamics of the Capitalist Economy, pp.78-92, 1933.

A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, Ninth (Variorum) Edition, Volumes I and II. Text, 1961.

P. Mirowski, More Heat Than Light: Economics as Social Physics, Physics as Nature's Economics, 1989.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511559990

F. Nemo, Énoncés marchands -Où il est montré que les prix ne sont pas ce que l'on croit, pp.182-193, 1994.

F. Nemo, Une alternative à la loi de l'offre et de la demande, Revue du MAUSS, vol.6, pp.166-176, 1995.

F. Nemo, The Pragmatics of Signs, The Semantics of Relevance, and The Semantic/Pragmatic Interface, in :The Semantics-Pragmatics Interface from Different points of View , CRiSPI Series, pp.343-417, 1999.

B. Schmitt, A New Paradigm for the Determination of Money Prices, 1966.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-24525-3_5

B. Schmitt, A New Paradigm for the Determination of Money Prices, Money in Motion, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-24525-3_5

T. Todorov, La vie commune : essai d'anthropologie générale, Life in Common, 1995.

M. Tomasello, Origins of Human Communication, 2008.

B. Bouchaud, J. P. , and M. Mézard, Wealth condensation in a simple model of economy, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.282, issue.3-4, pp.536-545, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4371(00)00205-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00092168

L. Boudin, A. Mercier, and F. Salvarani, Conciliatory and contradictory dynamics in opinion formation, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.391, issue.22, pp.5672-5684, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physa.2012.05.070
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00613119

L. Boudin and F. Salvarani, A kinetic approach to the study of opinion formation, ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, vol.43, issue.3, pp.507-522, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/m2an/2009004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00256584

S. Cordier, L. Pareschi, and C. Piatecki, Mesoscopic Modelling of Financial Markets, Journal of Statistical Physics, vol.17, issue.1, pp.161-184, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10955-008-9667-z
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00288167

S. Cordier, L. Pareschi, and G. Toscani, On a Kinetic Model for a Simple Market Economy, Journal of Statistical Physics, vol.4, issue.7, pp.1-2253, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10955-005-5456-0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00003648

S. Galam, Sociophysics : A Physicist's Modeling of Psycho-political Phenomena , Series: Understanding Complex Systems, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4614-2032-3

H. Levy, M. Levy, and S. Solomon, Microscopic simulations of financial markets, 2000.

B. Mandelbrot, The Pareto-Levy Law and the Distribution of Income, International Economic Review, vol.1, issue.2, pp.79-106, 1960.
DOI : 10.2307/2525289

R. N. Mantegna and H. E. Stanley, An introduction to econophysics, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511755767

L. Pareschi, G. Toscani, and G. , Interacting Multiagent Systems: Kinetic equations and Monte Carlo methods, 2013.

G. Toscani, One-dimensional kinetic models of granular flows, ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1277-1292, 2000.
DOI : 10.1051/m2an:2000127

C. Villani, A review of mathematical topics in collisional kinetic theory, in Handbook of Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, Bibliography Arrow, K. Journal of Public Economics, vol.2, pp.193-216, 1973.

P. Barrouillet and V. Camos, Le développement de la mémoire de travail, Psychologie du Développement et de l'éducation', PUF, pp.51-86, 2008.

G. Becker, Human Capital, 1964.
DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001

A. Damásio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, 1994.

K. Ericsson, R. Krampe, and C. Tesch-romer, The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance., Psychological Review, vol.100, issue.3, pp.363-406, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363

F. Green and Y. Zhu, Overqualification, job dissatisfaction, and increasing dispersion in the returns to graduate education, Oxford Economic Papers, vol.62, issue.4, pp.740-763, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/oep/gpq002

J. Harsanyi and R. Selten, A General Theory of Equilibrium Selection in Games, 1992.

M. Jaoul-grammare and N. Nakhili, Quels facteurs influencent les poursuites d'études dans l'enseignement supérieur ?, Groupes d'exploitation génération, 2004.

W. Jevons, The Theory of Political Economy, 1871.
DOI : 10.1057/9781137374158

S. Kopel, Les surdiplômés de la fonction publique', Revue Fran´caiseFran´caise de Gestion, pp.17-34, 2005.

E. Lorenz, The problem of deducing the climate from the governing equations, pp.1-11, 1964.

R. Lucas, On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.22, issue.1, pp.3-42, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7

E. Mariotte, Essay de Logique Contenant les Principes de Sciences, & la Manière de s'en Servir pour Faire de Bons Raisonnements, 1717.

R. Marois and J. Ivanoff, Capacity limits of information processing in the brain, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.9, issue.6, pp.296-305, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.010

J. Maynard-smith, The theory of games and the evolution of animal conflicts, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.47, issue.1, pp.209-221, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5193(74)90110-6

Z. Mazari and I. Recotillet, Génération 2004 : des débuts de trajectoire durablement marqués par la crise, Bref du Céreq, issue.311, p.4, 2013.

G. Miller, The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information., Psychological Review, vol.63, issue.2, pp.81-97, 1956.
DOI : 10.1037/h0043158

A. Orlean, De la stabilité évolutionniste à la stabilité stochastique, Revue Économique, vol.47, issue.3, pp.589-600, 1995.

G. Parker, Acta is a four-letter word, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.24, issue.6, pp.476-478, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01919.x

J. Pierce, An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals & Noise, 1980.

M. Piore, Dualism in the Labor Market : A Response to Uncertainty and Flux. The Case of France, Revue ??conomique, vol.29, issue.1, pp.26-48, 1978.
DOI : 10.3406/reco.1978.408371

H. Poincaré, Sur le problème des trois corps et les équations de la dynamique, Acta Mathematica, vol.13, issue.1, pp.3-270, 1890.

T. Schultz, Investment in human capital, The American Economic Review, vol.51, issue.1, pp.1-17, 1961.

C. Shapiro and J. Stiglitz, Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device, American Economic Review, vol.74, issue.3, pp.433-443, 1984.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511559594.004

J. Shim, L. Carlton, J. Chow, and W. C. , The Use of Anticipatory Visual Cues by Highly Skilled Tennis Players, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.37, issue.2, pp.164-175, 2005.
DOI : 10.3200/JMBR.37.2.164-175

M. Spence, Job marker signaling, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.87, pp.353-374, 1974.

P. Taubman and M. Wachter, Segmented labor marketsHandbook of Labor Economics, pp.1183-1217, 1986.