J. Åkerman and M. Höjer, How much transport can the climate stand?-Sweden on a sustainable path in 2050, Energy policy, vol.34, issue.14, pp.1944-1957, 2006.

A. Abane, Mode choice for the journey to work among formal sector employees in, Journal of transport geography, vol.1, issue.4, pp.219-229, 1993.

O. Bargain and P. Kwenda, Earnings Structures, Informal Employment, and Self-Employment: New Evidence from Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa, Review of Income and Wealth, vol.57, pp.100-122, 2011.

, Plano Diretor de Transporte Urbano da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro: Resultatos da Pesquisa Origem e Destino, 2005.

R. Cervero and K. L. Wu, Polycentrism, commuting, and residential location in the San Francisco Bay area, Environment and Planning A, vol.29, issue.5, pp.865-886, 1997.

R. Cervero, Efficient urbanisation: economic performance and the shape of the metropolis, Urban Studies, vol.38, issue.10, pp.1651-1671, 2001.

M. Charron, From excess commuting to commuting possibilities: more extension to the concept of excess commuting, Environment and Planning A, vol.39, issue.5, p.1238, 2007.

J. Dargay and M. Hanly, Volatility of car ownership, commuting mode and time in the UK, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.41, issue.10, pp.934-948, 2007.

E. R. Desouza, J. Baldwin, S. H. Koller, and M. Narvaz, A Latin American perspective in the study of gender, pp.41-67, 2004.

R. A. De-miranda and E. P. Domingues, Commuting to work and residential choices in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Urban Public Economics Review, vol.12, pp.41-71, 2010.

V. Dejoux and C. Marin-lamellet, Survey on people with travel difficulties in France, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00615265

L. Diaz-olvera, D. Plat, and P. Pochet, The puzzle of mobility and access to the city in Sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.32, pp.56-64, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00861105

F. M. Dieleman, M. Dijst, and G. Burghouwt, Urban form and travel behaviour: micro-level household attributes and residential context, Urban Studies, vol.39, issue.3, pp.507-527, 2002.

A. M. Fernández-maldonado, A. Romein, O. Verkoren, and R. Parente-paula-pessoa, Polycentric Structures in Latin American Metropolitan Areas: Identifying Employment Sub-centres, Regional Studies, vol.48, issue.12, pp.1954-1971, 2013.

T. Garske, H. Yu, Z. Peng, M. Ye, H. Zhou et al., Travel patterns in China, PloS one, vol.6, issue.2, p.16364, 2011.

M. Gascon, B. Quetelard, C. Patiès, and J. Valgalier, Calcul a posteriori des distances dans les enquêtes ménages déplacements, 2009.

G. Giuliano and K. A. Small, Is the journey to work explained by urban structure? Urban studies, vol.30, pp.1485-1500, 1993.

M. Givoni and D. Banister, Moving towards low carbon mobility, 2013.

E. Gutiérrez-i-puigarnau and J. N. Van-ommeren, Labour supply and commuting, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.68, issue.1, pp.82-89, 2010.

H. Neto, J. Namir, K. Kozovits, and L. , The informal sector and informal employment in Brazil: an analysis of the results of the new series from the national account system (2000/07), Economia e Sociedade, vol.21, issue.1, pp.93-113, 2012.

S. Handy, Methodologies for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol.1, issue.2, pp.151-165, 1996.

A. Henley, G. R. Arabsheibani, and F. G. Carneiro, On defining and measuring the informal sector: Evidence from Brazil, World Development, vol.37, issue.5, pp.992-1003, 2009.

R. Hjorthol and L. Vågane, Allocation of tasks, arrangement of working hours and commuting in different Norwegian households, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.35, pp.75-83, 2014.

M. E. Holden, Achieving sustainable mobility: everyday and leisure-time travel in the EU, Ashgate, 2012.

H. J. Holzer, The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?, Urban Studies, vol.28, issue.1, pp.105-122, 1991.

M. W. Horner and A. T. Murray, Excess commuting and the modifiable areal unit problem, Urban Studies, vol.39, issue.1, pp.131-139, 2002.

, Atlas do censo demográfico 2010, IBGE, 2013.

M. C. Ineri, Desigualdade de Renda na Década, 2011.

E. Jonasson, Informal Employment and the Role of Regional Governance, Review of Development Economics, vol.15, issue.3, pp.429-441, 2011.

J. F. Kain, Housing segregation, negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.82, issue.2, pp.175-197, 1968.

D. J. Keeling, Transport research challenges in Latin America, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.29, pp.103-104, 2013.

M. P. Kwan, Gender differences in space-time constraints, Area, vol.32, issue.2, pp.145-156, 2000.

C. Y. Lau, Spatial mismatch and the affordability of public transport for the poor in Singapore's new towns, Cities, vol.28, issue.3, pp.230-237, 2011.

B. S. Lee and J. F. Mcdonald, Determinants of commuting time and distance for Seoul residents: the impact of family status on the commuting of women, Urban Studies, vol.40, issue.7, pp.1283-1302, 2003.

K. Lucas, Making the connections between transport disadvantage and the social exclusion of low income populations in the Tshwane Region of South Africa, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.19, issue.6, pp.1320-1334, 2011.

A. Manning and B. Petrongolo, The Part-Time Pay Penalty for Women in Britain, The Economic Journal, vol.118, issue.526, pp.28-51, 2008.

H. Maoh and Z. Tang, Determinants of normal and extreme commute distance in a sprawled midsize Canadian city: evidence from Windsor, Canada. Journal of Transport Geography, vol.25, pp.50-57, 2012.

E. Marques, C. Scalon, and M. A. Oliveira, A comparison of social structures in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Dados, vol.51, issue.1, pp.215-238, 2008.

H. Medeiros-junior, Distribuição dos empregos formais na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 2008: uma análise espacial, Coleção Estudos Cariocas, pp.1-26, 2011.

R. Mercado and A. Páez, Determinants of distance traveled with a focus on the elderly: a multilevel analysis in the Hamilton CMA, Canada. Journal of Transport Geography, vol.17, issue.1, pp.65-76, 2009.

A. Mitra, Women in the urban informal sector: Perpetuation of meagre earnings, Development and Change, vol.36, issue.2, pp.291-316, 2005.

A. Modarres, Commuting and energy consumption: toward an equitable transportation policy, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.33, pp.240-249, 2013.

C. Morency, A. Paez, M. J. Roorda, R. Mercado, and S. Farber, Distance traveled in three Canadian cities: Spatial analysis from the perspective of vulnerable population segments, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.19, pp.39-50, 2011.

B. Motte-baumvol and C. D. Nassi, Immobility in Rio de Janeiro, beyond poverty, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.24, pp.67-76, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00819691

W. Naudé, Is there a spatial mismatch in South Africa's metropolitan labour market?, Cities, vol.25, issue.5, pp.268-276, 2008.

R. S. Neto, G. Duarte, and A. Páez, Gender and commuting time in São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Urban Studies, forthcoming, 2014.

R. W. Novaco and O. I. Gonzalez, Commuting and well-being, Technology and well-being, pp.174-205, 2009.

, How does Brazil compare? OECD Employment Outlook, 2014.

Z. R. Peng, The jobs-housing balance and urban commuting, Urban studies, vol.34, issue.8, pp.1215-1235, 1997.

R. H. Pereira and T. Schwanen, Tempo de deslocamento casa-trabalho no Brasil, Diferenças entre regiões metropolitanas, níveis de renda e sexo. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), 1992.

P. O. Plaut, The intra-household choices regarding commuting and housing, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.40, issue.7, pp.561-571, 2006.

S. Punpuing, Correlates of commuting patterns: a case-study of, Urban Studies, vol.30, issue.3, pp.527-545, 1993.

L. Ramos and V. Ferreira, Padrões espacial e setorial da evolu\ccão da informalidade no período 1991-2005, Pesquisa e Planejamento Econômico, vol.36, issue.3, pp.471-488, 2006.

L. R. Ramos, A evolução da informalidade no Brasil metropolitano, 1991.

L. C. Ribeiro and L. C. Lago, Restructuring in Large Brazilian Cities: The Centre/Periphery Model*, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol.19, issue.3, pp.369-382, 1995.

J. M. Rodrigues, Evolução da Frota de Automóveis e Motos no Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2001.

R. Vignoli and J. , Movilidad cotidiana, desigualdad social y segregación residencial en cuatro metrópolis de América Latina, EURE (Santiago), vol.34, issue.103, pp.49-71, 2008.

Y. Rosseel, lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling, Journal of Statistical Software, vol.48, issue.2, pp.1-36, 2012.

J. Rouwendal and E. Meijer, Preferences for housing, jobs, and commuting: a mixed logit analysis, Journal of regional science, vol.41, issue.3, pp.475-505, 2001.

D. Salon and S. Gulyani, Mobility, poverty, and gender: travel 'choices' of slum residents in Nairobi, Kenya. Transport Reviews, vol.30, issue.5, pp.641-657, 2010.

G. Santos, H. Maoh, D. Potoglou, and T. Von-brunn, Factors influencing modal split of commuting journeys in medium-size European cities, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.30, pp.127-137, 2013.

M. W. Sermons and F. S. Koppelman, Representing the differences between female and male commute behavior in residential location choice models, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.9, issue.2, pp.101-110, 2001.

R. Shearmur, Travel from home: an economic geography of commuting distances in Montreal, Urban Geography, vol.27, issue.4, pp.330-359, 2006.

M. Shirgaokar, Employment centers and travel behavior: exploring the work commute of Mumbai's rapidly motorizing middle class, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.41, pp.249-258, 2014.

T. Turner and D. Niemeier, Travel to work and household responsibility: new evidence, Transportation, vol.24, issue.4, pp.397-419, 1997.

J. Van-ommeren and J. Dargay, The optimal choice of commuting speed: consequences for commuting time, distance and costs, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.40, issue.2, pp.279-296, 2006.

A. Verhetsel and T. Vanelslander, What location policy can bring to sustainable commuting: an empirical study in Brussels and Flanders, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.18, issue.6, pp.691-701, 2010.

F. Wang, Explaining intraurban variations of commuting by job proximity and workers' characteristics, Environment and Planning B, vol.28, issue.2, pp.169-182, 2001.

D. Wang and Y. Chai, The jobs-housing relationship and commuting in Beijing, China: the legacy of Danwei, Journal of Transport Geography, vol.17, issue.1, pp.30-38, 2009.

M. J. Watts, The impact of spatial imbalance and socioeconomic characteristics on average distance commuted in the Sydney metropolitan area, Urban Studies, vol.46, issue.2, pp.317-339, 2009.

Y. Yongling and Z. Guonan, Empirical analysis of spatial mismatch of living-working: Based on a field survey in downtown Beijing, International Journal of Urban Sciences, vol.13, issue.1, pp.1-17, 2009.

P. Zhao, B. Lü, and G. D. Roo, Impact of the jobs-housing balance on urban commuting in Beijing in the transformation era, Journal of transport geography, vol.19, issue.1, pp.59-69, 2011.