M. Aasved, C. Charles, and J. L. Thomas-publisher-abu-lughod, The sociology of gambling, 1999.

R. R. Alford and E. L. Feige, Information distortions in social systems: The underground economy and other observer-subject-policymaker feedbacks The underground economy: Tax evasion and information distortionThe difficult transition from informal economy to Marshallian industrial district Area, Feige, pp.57-81, 1989.

A. Elijah and P. E. , Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City The ILO and the informal sector: an institutional history, Streetwise. Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community, 1990.

E. Bernstein, Carceral politics as gender justice? The ???traffic in women??? and neoliberal circuits of crime, sex, and rights, Theory and Society, vol.17, issue.3, pp.233-259, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11186-012-9165-9

K. Boratav, E. Yeldan, and A. Köse, Globalization, distribution and social policy: Turkey, 1980-1998 CEPA and The New School for Social Research, Working Paper Series, vol.20, pp.113-114, 2000.

J. M. Buchanan and A. Portes, Europe's constitutional future World underneath: The origins, dynamics, and effects of the informal economy The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developed countries, 1989.

M. Castells and R. Laserna, The new dependency: Technological change and socioeconomic restructuring in Latin America, Sociological Forum, vol.28, issue.3, pp.535-560, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01115063

J. Caulkins and P. Reuter, What Price Data Tell Us about Drug Markets, Journal of Drug Issues, vol.21, issue.5, pp.593-612, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/002204269802800302

M. A. Centeno and A. Portes, The informal economy in the shadow of the state, Out of the shadows: Political action and the informal economy in Latin America, pp.23-48, 2006.

W. Chapkis, Power and Control in the Commercial Sex Trade, Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry, 2000.

M. A. Chen, R. Jhabvala, and F. Lund, Supporting workers in the informal economy: a policy framework, 2002.

M. A. Chen, J. Vanek, and M. Carr, Mainstreaming Informal Employment and Gender in Poverty Reduction: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders The Stickup Kids: Race, Drugs, Violence, and the American Dream The sociology of risk and gambling reader, Commonwealth Secretariat, 2004.

J. Cosgrave and T. R. Klassen, Gambling Against the State: The State and the Legitimation of Gambling, Current Sociology, vol.49, issue.5, pp.1-15, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/0011392101495002

S. E. Costanza and R. Helms, Street Gangs and Aggregate Homicides, Homicide Studies, vol.38, issue.2, pp.280-307, 2012.
DOI : 10.1177/1088767912449623

B. C. Coughlin, . Sudhir-alladi, and . Venkatesh, The Urban Street Gang after 1970, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.29, issue.1, pp.41-64, 1970.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.soc.29.101602.130751

T. L. Cross, Black capitalism: Strategy for business in the ghetto, 1969.

D. W. Crowell, The SEWA Movement and Rural Development: The Banaskantha and Kutch Experience, 2003.

M. H. Davis, H. P. De-soto, and M. J. Piore, The Other Path The Mystery of Capital Internal labor markets and manpower analysis, Prostitution: Regulation and Control, 1971.

M. Duneier, Slim's table: Race, respectability, and masculinity, 1994.

W. R. Eadington, Gambling and Society: Interdisciplinary Studies on the Subject of Gambling Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low-wage work, 1976.

K. Edin and L. Lein, Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low-wage work, 1997.

C. Elgin and O. Oztunali, Shadow Economies around the World: Model Based Estimates, 2012.

C. Elgin and O. Oztunali, Shadow economies around the world: model based estimates, Bogazici University Department of Economics Working Papers, vol.5, 2012.

J. Fagan, Gangs, Drugs and Neighborhood Change Gangs in America, pp.39-74, 1996.

M. Farley, A. Cotton, J. Lynne, S. Zumbeck, F. Spiwak et al., Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries, Journal of Trauma Practice, vol.51, issue.3-4, pp.33-74, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01541831

E. L. Feige, The underground economies: Tax evasion and information distortion, 1989.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511571749

L. A. Ferman, S. Henry, and M. Hoyman, Issues and Prospects for the Study of Informal Economies: Concepts, Research Strategies, and Policy, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.493, issue.1, pp.154-172, 1987.
DOI : 10.1177/0002716287493001011

K. M. Fitzpatrick, Aggression and environmental risk among low-income African-American Youth, Journal of Adolescent Health, vol.21, issue.3, pp.172-178, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00047-5

J. H. Frey, Gambling: A Sociological Review, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.474, issue.1, pp.107-121, 1984.
DOI : 10.1177/0002716284474001010

A. Fung, Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance, Public Administration Review, vol.2, issue.4, pp.66-75, 2006.
DOI : 10.2307/3003160

D. R. Fusfeld and T. M. Bates, The political economy of the urban ghetto, 1984.

J. P. Gaughan and L. A. Ferman, Toward an Understanding of the Informal Economy, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.493, issue.1, pp.15-25, 1987.
DOI : 10.1177/0002716287493001002

K. Gërxhani, The Informal Sector in Developed and Less Developed Countries: A Literature Survey, Public Choice, vol.120, issue.3/4, pp.3-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:PUCH.0000044287.88147.5e

G. Grossman, The 'Second Economy' of the USSR, Problems of Communism, vol.26, issue.5, pp.25-40, 1977.

U. Hannerz, Soulside: Inquiries into ghetto culture and community, 1969.

K. Hart, Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol.11, issue.01, pp.61-89, 1973.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X00008089

C. Hoigard and L. Finstad, Backstreets: Prostitution, Money, and Love, 1992.

C. Huff and . Ronald, Gangs in America CA: Sage International Labor Office. 1972. Employment, income and equality: A strategy for increasing productivity in Kenya, 1996.

R. Jackall, Street stories: The world of police detectives, 2009.

C. Jencks and P. E. Peterson, The urban underclass, 1991.

R. Kanbur, Conceptualising informality: regulation and enforcement (No. 4186). IZA discussion papers, 2009.

A. A. Katsenelinboigen, The Soviet Union: Empire, Nation, and System Coloured markets in the Soviet Union, Europe?Asia Studies, vol.29, issue.1, pp.62-85, 1977.

W. Khoury, Cultural conflicts and problem behaviors of Latino adolescents in home and school environments, Journal of Community Psychology, vol.23, 1995.

B. Lautier, L'économie informelle dans le tiers monde [The informal economy in the Third World]An-arrgh-chy: The Law and Economics of Pirate Organization, Journal of Political Economy, vol.115, issue.6, pp.1049-1994, 1994.

R. J. Lewicki, S. E. Weiss, and D. Lewin, Models of conflict, negotiation and third party intervention: A review and synthesis, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol.34, issue.3, pp.209-252, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/job.4030130303

D. T. Lichter and D. L. Brown, Rural America in an Urban Society: Changing Spatial and Social Boundaries, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.37, issue.1, pp.565-592, 2011.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150208

I. Light, Numbers Gambling Among Blacks: A Financial Institution, American Sociological Review, vol.42, issue.6, pp.892-904, 1977.
DOI : 10.2307/2094575

J. L. Losby, J. F. Else, M. E. Kingslow, E. L. Edgcomb, E. T. Malm et al., Informal economy literature review. Newark: Institute for Social and Economic Development (ISED) and Washington: The Aspen Institute Challenging men's demand for prostitution in Scotland Women in the street-level drug economy: continuity or change?, Criminology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.465-491, 1996.

M. Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America, 1983.

E. A. Marcelli, M. Pastor-jr, and P. M. Joassart, Estimating the Effects of Informal Economic Activity: Evidence from Los Angeles County, Journal of Economic Issues, vol.9, issue.2, pp.579-607, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511598296

O. M. Mcroberts, Streets of glory: Church and community in a black urban neighborhood, 2005.

T. Meares, Praying for Community Policing, California Law Review, vol.90, issue.5, pp.1593-1634, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/3481365

T. Meares, Legitimacy of Police Among Young African-American Men, Marquette Law Review, vol.92, p.651, 2008.

T. L. Meares and D. M. Kahan, Law and (Norms of) Order in the Inner City, Law & Society Review, vol.32, issue.4, pp.805-838, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/827740

S. Merry and . Engle, Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working-Class Americans, 1990.

M. William, J. , and M. D. Schwartz, Casino Gambling and Street Crime, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.556, pp.124-137, 1998.

M. Monto and P. J. Moskos, Why Men Seek out Prostitutes Cop in the Hood Youth justice and the governance of young people: Global, international, national, and local contexts, Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry Youth, globalization, and the law, pp.17-56, 2000.

M. R. Narayana, Formal and informal enterprises: concept, definition, and measurement issues in India, Linking the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Policies, pp.93-120, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/0199204764.003.0006

M. Neal, You Lucky Punters! A Study of Gambling in Betting Shops, Sociology, vol.32, issue.3, pp.581-600, 1998.

C. Davidson and J. , Power, Prostitution, and Freedom, 1998.
DOI : 10.3998/mpub.10885

F. B. Padilla, The Gang as an American Enterprise, Workers of Closed Textile Mills: A Study in Ahmedabad, Gandhi Labour Institute, 1990.

N. M. Petry, D. C. Washington, and R. L. Bach, Pathological gambling: Etiology, comorbidity, and treatment Immigrant earnings: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States, International Migration Review, vol.14, issue.3, pp.315-341, 1980.

A. Portes and S. Sassen-koob, Making it Underground: Comparative Material on the Informal Sector in Western Market Economies, American Journal of Sociology, vol.93, issue.1, pp.30-61, 1987.
DOI : 10.1086/228705

A. Portes, W. , and J. , Labor, class, and the international system, 1981.

A. Portes, When more can be less: labor standards, development, and the informal economy Contrapunto: The informal sector debate in Latin America, pp.113-129, 1994.

J. M. Quane, B. H. Rankin, and P. Joshi, It's Kind of Hard at Times': The Effects of Multiple Family Stressors and Welfare or Work Transitions on Low-income Adolescents, 2009.

J. E. Rauch and P. B. Evans, Bureaucratic structure and bureaucratic performance in less developed countries, Journal of Public Economics, vol.75, issue.1, pp.49-71, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00044-4

P. Reuter, The Political Economy of Drug Smuggling, Vellinga, pp.128-147, 2003.

P. Reuter and J. Caulkins, Illegal Lemons: Price Dispersion in the Cocaine and Heroin Markets, UN Bulletin on Narcotics, vol.LVI, issue.12, pp.141-165, 2004.

E. Rosen and S. Venkatesh, A "Perversion" of Choice: Sex Work Offers Just Enough in Chicago's Urban Ghetto, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, vol.37, issue.4, pp.417-441, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/0891241607309879

S. L. Sampson, The Second Economy of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.493, issue.1, pp.120-136, 1987.
DOI : 10.1177/0002716287493001009

M. S. Sanchez-jankowski, Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society Informal Economy: Between New Developments and Old Regulations, Yale Law Journal, vol.103, issue.8, p.2289, 1991.

S. S. Sassen, Globalization and its discontents: Essays on the new mobility of people and money The Global City, 1999.

S. Sassen-koob, Notes on the incorporation of Third World women into wagelabor through immigration and off-shore production, International Migration Review, pp.1144-1167, 1984.

N. Schull and . Dow, Digital Gambling: The Coincidence of Desire and Design, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.597, issue.1, pp.65-81, 2005.
DOI : 10.1177/0002716204270435

S. Greg, It's a sucker's outfit'. How urban gangs enable and impede the reintegration of ex-convicts, Ethnography, vol.5, issue.1, pp.107-140, 2004.

A. Sindzingre, B. Guha-khasnobis, R. Kanbur, and E. Ostrom, The relevance of the concepts of formality and informality: A theoretical appraisal Linking the formal and informal economy: concepts and policies, pp.58-74, 2006.

W. G. Skogan, Community Policing, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154580.003.0010

W. G. Skogan, Police and community in Chicago: A tale of three cities, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154580.001.0001

R. Smith and . Courtney, Mexican New York. Transnational Lives of New York Immigrants All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community, 1974.

D. Stark, Bending the bars of the iron cage: Bureaucratization and informalization in capitalism and socialism, Sociological Forum, vol.111, issue.24, pp.637-664, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01115067

J. Surowiecki, . Benno, and F. G. Schneider, The Underground Economy The New Yorker at http://www.newyorker.com/talk/financial Larry's Clique: The Informal Side of the Housing Market in Low- Income Minority Neighborhoods, unpublished dissertation Shadow economy, tax morale, governance and institutional quality: a panel analysis, 1923.

B. Valentine, W. Lou, and A. Gil, Hustling and Other Hard WorkA model for explaining drug use behavior among Hispanic adolescents, Conducting Drug Abuse Research with Minority Populations: Advances and Issues, pp.57-74, 1978.

S. A. Venkatesh, The Social Organization of Street Gang Activity in an Urban Ghetto, American Journal of Sociology, vol.103, issue.1, pp.82-111, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/231172

S. A. Venkatesh, Off the books: The underground economy of the urban poor, 2006.

S. A. Venkatesh and S. D. Levitt, Gang leader for a day: A rogue sociologist takes to the streets. Penguin Venkatesh, Are we a family or a business? History and disjuncture in the urban street gang, Theory and Society, vol.29, issue.4, pp.427-462, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007151703198

S. A. Venkatesh, Floating City: A Rogue Sociologist Lost and Found in New York's Underground Economy, 2013.

R. Weitzer, New directions in research on prostitution, Crime, Law and Social Change, vol.22, issue.4-5, pp.211-235, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10611-005-1735-6

R. Weitzer, Sociology of Sex Work, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.213-234, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120025

J. Welte, G. Barnes, W. Wieczorek, M. Tidwell, and J. Parker, Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity., Journal of Studies on Alcohol, vol.62, issue.5, pp.706-712, 2001.
DOI : 10.15288/jsa.2001.62.706

C. Williams and J. Windebank, Reconceptualising Paid Informal Exchange: Some Lessons from English Cities, Environment and Planning A, vol.28, issue.1, pp.121-140, 2001.
DOI : 10.1068/a33155

K. L. Wilson and A. Portes, Immigrant Enclaves: An Analysis of the Labor Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami, American Journal of Sociology, vol.86, issue.2, pp.295-319, 1980.
DOI : 10.1086/227240

W. J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged. The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy, 1987.

W. Wilson, More than just race: being black and poor in the inner city, 2009.

J. Wood and E. Alleyne, Street gang theory and research: Where are we now and where do we go from here?, Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol.15, issue.2, pp.100-111, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.005

A. A. Young, The minds of marginalized black men: Making sense of mobility, opportunity, and future life chances, 2004.
DOI : 10.1515/9781400841479

G. Zucman, The Missing Wealth of Nations: Are Europe and the U.S. net Debtors or net Creditors?*, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.128, issue.3, pp.1321-1364, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/qje/qjt012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01053616