A. A. Abd-el-rahman, The desert of the Arabian Peninsula Hot deserts and arid shrublands, Ecosystems fo the world, pp.29-54, 1986.

. Sheikh-m and J. Thomas, heGaZy a. & el-adaWy h. 2015. Vegetation, floristic diversity, and size-classes of Acacia gerrardii in an arid wadi ecosystem, Arid Land Research and Management, vol.29, pp.335-359

. Alyemeni-m, Ecological studies on sand dunes vegetation in Al-Kharj region, Saudi Arabia, Saudian Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.71, pp.65-87, 2000.

. Alyemeni-m and K. Zayed, Ecology of some plant communities along Riyadh Al-Thumamah Road, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Journal of Biological Science, vol.61, pp.11-25, 1999.

S. Ertug-yaras-f, Fuel fodder and faeces: an ethnographic and botanical study of dung fuel use in Central Anatolia, Fodder: Archaeological, Historical and Ethnographic Studies, Environmental Archaeology, pp.99-109, 1998.

. M. Bin-kham?s-a, Mu?jam al-Yam?ma (2 volumes) Riyadh, 1978.

. Boivin-n, Shell Middens, Ships and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and Around the Ancient Arabian Peninsula, Journal of World Prehistory, vol.187, issue.2, pp.113-180, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10963-009-9018-2

S. Bonilauri, . Boëda-É, G. Griggo, and S. Muhesen, Un ??clat de silex moust??rien coinc?? dans un bassin d???autruche (Struthio camelus) ?? Umm el Tlel (Syrie centrale), Pal??orient, vol.33, issue.2, pp.39-46, 1990.
DOI : 10.3406/paleo.2007.5219

. Bonnefille-r and G. Riollet, Palynologie des sédiments Holocènes de sites archéologiques du Qatar, Préhistoire à Qatar. Mission archéologiques francaise à qatar, t. 2. Paris: Editions Recherches sur les civilations, pp.137-145, 1988.

. Bouchaud-c, Oasis plant exploitation in Arabia: plant production, trade and use. The case of Mad?????in S??lih (Saudi Arabia) between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD, Revue d???ethno??cologie, vol.4, issue.4, 2013.
DOI : 10.4000/ethnoecologie.1217

. Bouchaud-c, Paysages et pratiques d'exploitation des ressources végétales en milieux semi-aride et aride dans le sud du Proche-Orient : Approche archéobotanique des périodes antique et islamique (IVe siècle av, 2011.

C. Bouchaud, In press Agrarian legacies and innovations in the Nabataean territory, ArchéoSciences

. Bouchaud-c and P. Dal-prà, Cotton cultivation and textile production in the Arabian Peninsula during antiquity; the evidence from Mad?????in S??lih (Saudi Arabia) and Qal???at al-Bahrain (Bahrain), Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol.49, issue.5, pp.405-417, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00334-011-0296-0

. Bouchaud-c and . Thomas-r, Optimal use of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) during Antiquity: Anatomical identification of plant remains from Madâ'in Sâlih (Saudi Arabia), Wood and Charcoal. Evidences for the Human and Natural History, pp.173-185, 2012.

. Campbell-n, Menlo Park: The Benjamin, Biology, 1996.

. T. Cappers-r, neef r. & BeKKer r.m. 2012. Digital atlas of economic plants in archaeology

. Crassard-r, Prehistoric survey of the oasis and its neighborhood, pp.17-30, 2011.

. Crassard-r, A Nubian Complex Site from Central Arabia: Implications for Levallois Taxonomy and Human Dispersals during the Upper Pleistocene, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.9, p.69221, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0069221.t001

. Crassard-r, Prehistoric Survey, pp.15-23, 2013.

. Davies-c, Abstract, Quaternary Research, vol.17, issue.03, pp.454-464, 2006.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1022449224342

G. De-gaury, A Burial Ground in Al-Kharj, The Geographical Journal, vol.106, issue.3/4, pp.152-153, 1945.
DOI : 10.2307/1789267

. Dinies-m, B. Plessen, and . Kürschner-h, In press. When the desert was green. Grassland expansion during the early Holocene in northwestern Arabia, Quaternary International, 2015.

. Werker-e and P. Baas, Wood anatomy and identification of trees and shrubs from Israel and adjacent regions, the Israel academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1986.

. Fleitmann-d, S. Burns, J. Kramers, . Villa-i, and . Neff-u, Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra), Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra), pp.170-188, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.012

. Fouache-e and G. Fortin, Geomorphological study of al-Kharj oasis, pp.73-82, 2012.

D. Q. Fuller, In press. The economic basis of the Qustul splinter state: cash crops, subsistence shifts, and labour demands in the post-meroitic transition, Kushite World. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies (Beitrage Zur Sudanforschung Beiheft Series), pp.1-28

. Gajda-i, ?imyar en Arabie centrale ? un nouveau document, Arabia, vol.2, pp.87-98, 2004.

A. M. Garcia and . Sainz-ollero-h, Étude palynologique menée dans le secteur de Mleiha, Mleiha I, Environnement, stratégies de subsistance et artisanats (TMO 29). Lyon: Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen, pp.83-87, 1999.

. Guest-e, Introduction to the Flora of Iraq, 1966.

. Hoorn-c, Late Holocene palaeoenvironmental history of Khawr Rawri and Khawr Al Balid (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.213, issue.1-2, pp.1-36, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.03.014

J. C. Kurschner-h, Atlas der Holzer saudi Arabiens: die Holzanatomie der wichtigsten Baume und Straucher Arabiens mit einem holzanatomischen Bestimmungsschlussel, Beih. Tubinger Atlas Vorderen Orients, 1987.

. W. Kandel-a and . J. Conard-n, Production sequences of ostrich eggshell beads and settlement dynamics in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.32, issue.12, pp.1711-1721, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.010

. Kürschner-h, Biogeography and Introduction to Vegetation, Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp.63-98, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-3637-4_4

B. Laufer, Ostrich Egg-Shell cups of Mesopotamia and the Ostrich in Ancient and Modern Times (Anthropology Leaflet 23), 1926.

. Lepage-d, Checklist of birds of Saudi Arabia. Bird Checklists of the World, Avibase. Retrieved, 2007.

J. Tiercelin, . Robert-c, J. Saliège, and S. Cleuziou, Braemer f Centennial to millennial-scale variability of the Indian monsoon during the early Holocene from a sediment, pollen and isotope record from the desert of Yemen, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.243, pp.235-249, 2007.

. Lippi-m and . Bellini-c, Benvenuti m. & fedi m Palaeoenvironmental signals in ancient urban settings: The heavy rainfall record in Sumhuram, a pre-Islamic archaeological site of Dhofar (S Oman). The Holocene 21, pp.951-965, 2011.

P. Lombard, Environnement et ??conomie v??g??tale ?? Qal'at al-Bahre??n aux p??riodes Dilmoun et Tylos. Premiers ??l??ments d'arch??obotanique, Pal??orient, vol.27, issue.1, pp.167-181, 2001.
DOI : 10.3406/paleo.2001.4727

. Miller-n, The Use of Dung as Fuel : an Ethnographic Example and an Archaeological Application, Pal??orient, vol.10, issue.2, pp.71-79, 1984.
DOI : 10.3406/paleo.1984.941

. Monchot-h, Camels in Saudi oasis during the last two millennia; the examples of D??mat al-Jandal (Al-Jawf Province) and al-Yam??ma (Riyadh Province), Anthropozoologica, vol.49, issue.2, pp.195-206, 2014.
DOI : 10.5252/az2014n2a03

. Monchot-h, S. Bailon, and J. Schiettecatte, Archaeozoological evidence for traditional consumption of spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx aegyptia) in Saudi Arabia, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.45, pp.96-102, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.012

. D. Munro-n, An exploration of character traits and linear measurements for sexing mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) skeletons, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1253-1265
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2011.01.001

K. Neumann and W. Schoch, Woods of the Sahara and the Sahel: an anatomical atlas, 2001.

P. A. Smith-m, S. Stokes, S. Ward, and K. White, Holocene vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Rub? al-Khali desert, Arabian Peninsula: a phytolith, pollen and carbon isotope study, Journal of Quaternary Science, vol.197, pp.665-676, 2004.

P. A. Stokes, S. White, and K. , A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia, Quaternary Research, vol.66, pp.465-476, 2006.

J. Peters, W. Van-neer, and . Plug-i, Comparative postcranial osteology of hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) and Addax (Addax nasomaculatus), with notes on the osteometry of Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) and Arabian Oryx, Tervuren: Musée Royal de L'Afrique Centrale, 1997.

P. H. St and J. , Southern Nejd, Journey to Kharj, 1918.

P. H. St and J. , Two notes from Central Arabia, The Geographical Journal, vol.113, pp.86-93, 1949.

G. Preston and . G. Parker-a, From nomadic herder-hunters to sedentary farmers: The relationship between climate change and ancient subsistence strategies in south-eastern Arabia, Journal of Arid Environments, vol.86, pp.122-130
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.030

G. Preston, . Thomas-d, . Walkington-h, S. Méry, . Borgi-f et al., A multi-proxy analysis of the Holocene humid phase from the United Arab Emirates and its implications for southeast Arabia's Neolithic populations, Quaternary International, vol.382, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.054

. Preusser-f, Chronology of the impact of Quaternary climate change on continental environments in the Arabian Peninsula, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.341, issue.8-9, pp.621-632, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crte.2009.02.003

S. N. Reddy, Fueling the hearths in India : the role of dung in paleoethnobotanical interpretation, Pal??orient, vol.24, issue.2, pp.61-69, 1998.
DOI : 10.3406/paleo.1998.4677

. J. Robin-ch and . Gajda-i, L'inscription du w?d? ?Abad?n, Rayd?n, vol.6, pp.113-137, 1994.

P. Rowley-conwy, W. Deakin, and . Shaw, Ancient DNA from Sorghum The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa, pp.55-61, 1999.

P. Sanlaville, Le Moyen-Orient arabe, le milieu et l'homme, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00010028

A. Area, on-line: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr, p.797003

J. Schiettecatte, Le peuplement protohistorique et historique de l'oasis d'al-Kharj (province de Riyâd, Arabie Saoudite) Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, pp.1365-1399, 2012.

J. Schiettecatte, . Ghazzi, G. Charloux, and . Crassard, Al-Kharj oasis through time: first results of Al-Kharj -Report of the 4th season archaeological fieldwork in the province of Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), Proc. Sem. Arabian Stud, pp.285-308, 2013.

J. Schiettecatte and P. Siméon, Al-Yam?ma (area N6): Building 1 ? The Great Mosque Al-Kharj I. Report of two excavation seasons in the oasis of al-Kharj, 2011.

J. Studer, Preliminary Report on Faunal Remains, Report on the Third Excavation Season Sâlih Archaeological Project, pp.285-293, 2010.

W. M. Summer, Early urban life in the land of Ashan: excavations at Tal-e Malyan in the highlands of Iran, 2003.

. C. Tapela-m, An archaeological examination of Ostrich eggshell beads in Bostwana, Journal of African Studies, vol.15, issue.1, pp.60-74, 2001.

M. In, Vegetation History and Wood Exploitation at Kush (Ras al-Khaimah, UAE), 4th-17th/18th centuries AD. First Results of the Charcoal Analysis, Palaeoenvironmental Studies at Kush

. Théry-parisot-i and J. Chrzavzez, Anthracology and taphonomy, from wood gathering to charcoal analysis. A review of the taphonomic processes modifying charcoal assemblages, in archaeological contexts, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.291, issue.1-2, pp.142-153, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.016

J. N. Thomas, Flora of Saudi Arabia [http://plantdiversityofsaudiarabia.info/biodiversity-saudi-arabia/flora/ Flora, pp.21-24, 2015.

. R. Thouless-c, J. G. Grainger, . Shobrak-m, and K. Habibi, Conservation status of gazelles in Saudi Arabia, Biological Conservation, vol.58, issue.1, pp.85-98, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(91)90046-C

B. Urban, Palaeoecological analysis of a Late Quaternary sediment profile in northern Oman, Journal of Arid Environments, vol.73, issue.3, pp.296-305, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.023

. M. Vaslet-d, S. S. Maddah, and J. Brosse, Geologic Map of the Ar-Riy?dh Quadrangle, Sheet 24 I, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [1:250,000] & Explanatory Notes to the Geologic Map of the Ar-Riy?dh Quadrangle , Sheet 24 I, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh: Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, 1991.

. Vesey-fitzgerald-d, The Vegetation of Central and Eastern Arabia, The Journal of Ecology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.779-798, 1957.
DOI : 10.2307/2256957

J. Watson, The Golden Eagle, 1988.

. Wilms-t, W. Böhme, P. Wagner, and . Lutzmann-n, On the Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Genus Uromastyx Merrem, 1820 (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae: Uromastycinae) ? Resurrection of the Genus Saara Gray, 1845, Bonner zoologische Beiträge, vol.56, issue.12, pp.55-99, 2009.

. Yom-tov-y and . P. Groves-c, Gazella dorcas, Mammalian Species, vol.491, issue.491, pp.1-6, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/3504254

J. Zarins, PottS d. t. & edenS ch Saudi Arabian Archaeological Reconnaissance 1978. The preliminary report on the third phase of the Comprehensive Archaeological Survey Program ? The Central Province, Atlal, vol.3, pp.9-42, 1979.

. Zohary-m, The geobotanical foundations of the Middle East, 1973.

. Zohary-d, . Hopf-m, and . Weiss-e, Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199549061.001.0001