A. Q. Aboagye, S. Akoena, T. Antwi-asare, and A. Gockel, Explaining Interest Rate Spreads in Ghana*, African Development Review, vol.9, issue.4, pp.378-399, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00190.x

T. Aburime, Determinants of bank profitability: Industry-level evidence from Nigeria, International Journal of Nigerian Studies and Development, vol.14, pp.21-34, 2008.

P. Aghion, N. Bloom, R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and P. Howitt, Competition and innovation: An inverted-U relationship, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.120, issue.2, pp.701-728, 2005.

M. K. Agoraki, M. D. Delis, and F. Pasiouras, Regulations, competition and bank risk-taking in transition countries, Journal of Financial Stability, vol.7, issue.1, pp.38-48, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfs.2009.08.002

C. Ahokpossi, Determinants of Bank Interest Margins in Sub-Saharan Africa, IMF Working Papers, vol.13, issue.34, pp.1-21, 2013.
DOI : 10.5089/9781475551136.001

J. Aker and I. Mbiti, Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.24, issue.3, pp.207-232, 2010.
DOI : 10.1257/jep.24.3.207

F. Allen, E. Carletti, and R. Marquez, Credit Market Competition and Capital Regulation, Review of Financial Studies, vol.24, issue.4, pp.983-1018, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/rfs/hhp089

F. Allen and D. Gale, Comparing financial systems, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/rfs/14.2.577
URL : http://rfs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/577

F. Allen and D. Gale, Competition and Financial Stability, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol.36, issue.3b, pp.453-480, 2004.
DOI : 10.1353/mcb.2004.0038

A. Alti, How sensitive is investment to cash flow when financing is frictionless? The Journal of Finance, pp.707-722, 2003.

M. Amidu, Banking Market Structure and Bank Intermediation Strategies in Emerging Markets: Three Essays, 2011.

M. Amidu and S. Wolfe, The impact of market power and funding strategy on bank-interest margins, The European Journal of Finance, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1-21, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4266(96)00037-4

M. Amidu and S. Wolfe, Bank Competition, Diversification and Financial Stability, SSRN Electronic Journal, vol.3, issue.3, pp.152-166, 2013.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.1341863

D. Anginer, A. Demirguc-kunt, and M. Zhu, How does bank competition affect systemic stability? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, pp.1-53, 2012.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-5981
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3267

J. Bain, Barriers to New Competition, 1956.
DOI : 10.4159/harvard.9780674188037

A. Barajas, R. Steiner, and N. Salazar, The impact of liberalization and foreign investment in Colombia's financial sector, Journal of Development Economics, vol.63, issue.1, pp.157-196, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00104-8

J. R. Barth, C. Jr, G. Levine, and R. , Bank regulation and supervision: what works best?, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.13, issue.2, pp.205-248, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfi.2003.06.002
URL : http://bank.jpkc.gdcc.edu.cn/upload/2006_05/06051711389288.pdf

J. R. Barth, C. Lin, P. Lin, and F. M. Song, Corruption in bank lending to firms: Cross-country micro evidence on the beneficial role of competition and information sharing???, Journal of Financial Economics, vol.91, issue.3, pp.91361-388, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.04.003

W. Baumol, J. Panzar, and R. Willig, Contestable markets: an uprising in the theory of industry structure: reply, The American Economic Review, vol.73, issue.3, pp.491-496, 1983.

W. J. Baumol, J. C. Panzar, and P. Willig, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, 1982.

M. Bawumia, F. Belnye, and M. Ofori, The determinants of bank interest spreads in Ghana: An empirical analysis of panel data, p.9, 2005.

T. Beck, Competition and stability: Friends or foes? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2008.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-4656

T. Beck and R. Cull, Banking in Africa, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, p.6684, 2013.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-6684

T. Beck, R. Cull, M. Fuchs, J. Gentega, P. Gatere et al., Banking sector stability, efficiency, and outreach in Kenya, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, pp.1-40, 2010.

A. N. Berger and T. H. Hannan, The Price-Concentration Relationship in Banking, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.71, issue.2, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/1926975

A. N. Berger, L. F. Klapper, and R. Turk-ariss, Bank Competition and Financial Stability, Journal of Financial Services Research, vol.71, issue.12, pp.99-118, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10693-008-0050-7

M. Berlin and L. J. Mester, Deposits and Relationship Lending, Review of Financial Studies, vol.12, issue.3, pp.579-607, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/revfin/12.3.0579

M. Bertrand, A. Schoar, and D. Thesmar, Banking Deregulation and Industry Structure: Evidence from the French Banking Reforms of 1985, The Journal of Finance, vol.72, issue.2, pp.597-628, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01218.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00461082

D. Besanko and A. V. Thakor, Banking deregulation: Allocational consequences of relaxing entry barriers, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.16, issue.5, pp.909-932, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4266(92)90032-U

S. Bhattacharya and G. Chiesa, Proprietary Information, Financial Intermediation, and Research Incentives, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.4, issue.4, pp.328-357, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/jfin.1995.1014

A. Bigsten, P. Collier, S. Dercon, M. Fafchamps, B. Gauthier et al., Credit Constraints in Manufacturing Enterprises in Africa, Journal of African Economics, vol.12, issue.1, pp.104-125, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jae/12.1.104

S. E. Black and P. E. Strahan, Entrepreneurship and Bank Credit Availability, The Journal of Finance, vol.22, issue.6, pp.2807-2833, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/1540-6261.00513
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456.9647

P. Bolton and D. S. Scharfstein, A theory of predation based on agency problems in financial contracting, The American Economic Review, pp.93-106, 1990.

P. Bolton and D. S. Scharfstein, Optimal Debt Structure and the Number of Creditors, Journal of Political Economy, vol.104, issue.1, pp.1-25, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/262015

E. Bonaccorsi-di-patti and G. Dell-'ariccia, Bank Competition and Firm Creation, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol.36, issue.2, pp.225-252, 2003.
DOI : 10.1353/mcb.2004.0011

J. Boone, A New Way to Measure Competition*, The Economic Journal, vol.89, issue.4, pp.1245-1261, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02168.x

A. Boot, Relationship Banking: What Do We Know?, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.9, issue.1, pp.7-25, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jfin.2000.0282
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.194.7960

A. Boot and A. Thakor, Moral Hazard and Secured Lending in an Infinitely Repeated Credit Market Game, International Economic Review, vol.35, issue.4, pp.899-920, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2527003

A. Boot and A. Thakor, Can relationship banking survive competition? The Journal of Finance, pp.679-713, 2000.

J. Boyd, D. Nicolo, and G. , The Theory of Bank Risk Taking and Competition Revisited, The Journal of Finance, vol.9, issue.3, pp.1329-1343, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00763.x

J. Boyd, G. Denicoì-o, and A. Jalal, Bank competition, risk and asset allocations. IMF Working Paper, pp.1-36, 2009.
DOI : 10.5089/9781451872903.001
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.499.9560

J. H. Boyd, G. Denicoì-o, and E. Loukoianova, Banking crises and crisis dating: Theory and evidence, Cesifo Working Papers, vol.3134, pp.1-50, 2010.

P. L. Brock and L. Rojas-suarez, Understanding the behavior of bank spreads in Latin America, Journal of Development Economics, vol.63, issue.1, pp.113-134, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00102-4

T. Broecker, Credit-Worthiness Tests and Interbank Competition, Econometrica, vol.58, issue.2, pp.429-452, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/2938210

M. Brown, S. Ongena, A. Popov, Y. , and P. , Who needs credit and who gets credit in Eastern Europe? Economic Policy, pp.93-130, 2011.

R. Caminal and C. Matutes, Market power and banking failures, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1341-1361, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7187(01)00092-3

M. Cao and S. Shi, Screening, Bidding, and the Loan Market Tightness, Review of Finance, vol.5, issue.1-2, pp.21-61, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1012626030681

S. Carbó-valverde, D. Humphrey, J. Maudos, and P. Molyneux, Cross-country comparisons of competition and pricing power in European banking, Journal of International Money and Finance, vol.28, issue.1, pp.115-134, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2008.06.005

S. Carbó-valverde, R. Fernandez, and F. , The determinants of bank margins in European banking, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.31, issue.7, pp.312043-2063, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.06.017

S. Carbó-valverde, F. Rodriguez-fernandez, U. , and G. F. , Bank Market Power and SME Financing Constraints, Review of Finance, vol.13, issue.2, pp.309-340, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/rof/rfp003

E. Carletti, Competition and regulation in banking. Handbook of Financial Intermediation and Banking, pp.449-482, 2008.

N. Cetorelli, Real Effects of Bank Competition, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol.36, issue.3b, pp.543-558, 2004.
DOI : 10.1353/mcb.2004.0043

N. Cetorelli and M. Gambera, Banking Market Structure, Financial Dependence and Growth: International Evidence from Industry Data, The Journal of Finance, vol.29, issue.2, pp.617-648, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/0022-1082.00339

N. Cetorelli and P. F. Peretto, Credit quantity and credit quality: Bank competition and capital accumulation, Journal of Economic Theory, vol.147, issue.3, pp.967-998, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jet.2012.01.006
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/10419/60972

N. Cetorelli and P. E. Strahan, Finance as a Barrier to Entry: Bank Competition and Industry Structure in Local U.S. Markets, The Journal of Finance, vol.35, issue.1, pp.437-461, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00841.x

C. Chen, Bank efficiency in Sub-Saharan African middle-income countries. IMF Working Paper, pp.1-34, 2009.

E. W. Chirwa, Determinants of commercial banks' profitability in Malawi: a cointegration approach, Applied Financial Economics, vol.4, issue.8, pp.565-571, 2003.
DOI : 10.2307/1992507

E. W. Chirwa and M. Mlachila, Financial Reforms and Interest Rate Spreads in the Commercial Banking System in Malawi, IMF Working Papers, vol.02, issue.6, pp.96-122, 2004.
DOI : 10.5089/9781451842302.001

T. T. Chong, L. Liping, and S. Ongena, Does banking competition alleviate or worsen credit constraints faced by small- and medium-sized enterprises? Evidence from China, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.37, issue.9, pp.3412-3424, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.05.006

S. Claessens and L. Laeven, Financial Dependence, Banking Sector Competition, and Economic Growth, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol.3, issue.1, pp.179-207, 2005.
DOI : 10.1162/1542476053295322
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8906

G. R. Clarke, R. Cull, M. Pería, and M. S. , Foreign bank participation and access to credit across firms in developing countries, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.34, issue.4, pp.774-795, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jce.2006.08.001

R. Cole, Who needs credit and who gets credit? evidence from the surveys of small business finances, p.24691, 2010.

T. Cordella and E. L. Yeyati, Financial opening, deposit insurance, and risk in a model of banking competition, European Economic Review, vol.46, issue.3, pp.471-485, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00150-7

J. Crowley, Interest Rate Spreads in English-Speaking African Countries, IMF Working Papers, vol.07, issue.101, pp.1-34, 2007.
DOI : 10.5089/9781451866650.001

R. Cull, A. Demirgüç-kunt, and J. Morduch, Banks and microbanks, Journal of Financial Services Research, pp.1-53, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10693-013-0177-z

A. De-la-torre, M. S. Martinez-peria, and S. Schmukler, Bank involvement with SMEs: Beyond relationship lending, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.34, issue.9, pp.2280-2293, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.02.014

H. Degryse, M. Kim, and S. Ongena, Microeconometrics of banking: methods, applications, and results, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340471.001.0001

H. Degryse and S. Ongena, The impact of competition on bank orientation, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.16, issue.3, pp.399-424, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfi.2007.03.002

L. Deidda and B. Fattouh, CONCENTRATION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol.35, issue.02, pp.198-219, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/2118406

M. D. Delis, Bank competition, financial reform, and institutions: The importance of being developed, Journal of Development Economics, vol.97, issue.2, pp.450-465, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.05.012

M. D. Delis and G. P. Kouretas, Interest rates and bank risk-taking, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.35, issue.4, pp.840-855, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.09.032
URL : https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20132/2/MPRA_paper_20132.pdf

G. Dell-'ariccia, Learning by lending, competition, and screening incentives in the banking industry, IMF mimeo, pp.1-22, 2000.

G. Dell-'ariccia, Asymmetric information and the structure of the banking industry, European Economic Review, vol.45, issue.10, pp.1957-1980, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(00)00085-4

G. Dell-'ariccia, E. Friedman, and R. Marquez, Adverse selection as a barrier to entry in the banking industry, The RAND Journal of Economics, pp.515-534, 1999.

G. Dell-'ariccia and R. Marquez, Information and bank credit allocation, Journal of Financial Economics, vol.72, issue.1, pp.185-214, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00210-1

A. Demirgüç-kunt and E. Detragiache, The determinants of banking crises: Evidence from industrial and developing countries, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, p.1828, 1828.

A. Demirgüç-kunt and H. Huizinga, Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability: Some International Evidence, The World Bank Economic Review, vol.13, issue.2, pp.379-408, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/wber/13.2.379

A. Demirgüç-kunt, L. Laeven, and R. Levine, Regulations, Market Structure, Institutions, and the Cost of Financial Intermediation, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol.36, issue.3b, pp.593-622, 2004.
DOI : 10.1353/mcb.2004.0045

H. Demsetz, Industry Structure, Market Rivalry, and Public Policy, The Journal of Law and Economics, vol.16, issue.1, pp.1-10, 1973.
DOI : 10.1086/466752

E. Detragiache, P. Gupta, and T. Tressel, Finance in lower-income countries: An empirical exploration, 2005.

M. Dewatrimont and E. Maskin, Credit and Efficiency in Centralized and Decentralized Economies, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.62, issue.4, pp.541-555, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2298076

A. Dietrich, G. Wanzenried, C. , and R. A. , Why are net-interest margins across countries so different? Available at, 2010.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.1542067
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.172.6128

X. M. Fu, Y. R. Lin, and P. Molyneux, Bank competition and financial stability in Asia Pacific, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.38, pp.64-77, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.09.012

Z. Fungá?ová, P. Pessarossi, and L. Weill, Is bank competition detrimental to efficiency? Evidence from China, China Economic Review, vol.27, pp.121-134, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chieco.2013.09.004

T. Gehrig, Screening, cross-border banking, and the allocation of credit, Research in Economics, vol.52, issue.4, pp.387-407, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/reec.1998.0175

R. G. Gelos, BANKING SPREADS IN LATIN AMERICA, Economic Inquiry, vol.21, issue.4, pp.796-814, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00144.x

M. Giannetti, M. Burkart, and T. Ellingsen, What You Sell Is What You Lend? Explaining Trade Credit Contracts, Review of Financial Studies, vol.24, issue.4, pp.1261-1298, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/rfs/hhn096
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.422.3911

R. A. Gilbert, Bank Market Structure and Competition: A Survey, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol.16, issue.4, pp.617-645, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/1992096

R. A. Gilbert and A. M. Zaretsky, Banking antitrust: Are the assumptions still valid? Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis Review, pp.29-52, 2003.

J. F. Gomes, Financing Investment, American Economic Review, vol.91, issue.5, pp.1263-1285, 2001.
DOI : 10.1257/aer.91.5.1263

V. M. González and F. González, Influence of bank concentration and institutions on capital structure: New international evidence, Journal of Corporate Finance, vol.14, issue.4, pp.363-375, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2008.03.010

M. Guzman, Bank structure, capital accumulation and growth: a simple macroeconomic model, Economic Theory, vol.16, issue.2, pp.421-455, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00004091

C. Hainz, L. Weill, and C. J. Godlewski, Bank competition and collateral: Theory and evidence, Journal of Financial Services Research, pp.1-18, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10693-012-0141-3
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.568.7108

T. H. Hannan, Foundations of the Structure-Conduct-Performance Paradigm in Banking, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol.23, issue.1, pp.68-84, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/1992764

D. Hauner and S. Peiris, Bank efficiency and competitiveness in Low-Income Countries: The case of Uganda, Applied Economics, issue.21, pp.402703-2720, 2008.

R. Hauswald and R. Marquez, Competition and Strategic Information Acquisition in Credit Markets, Review of Financial Studies, vol.19, issue.3, pp.967-1000, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/rfs/hhj021

T. F. Hellmann, K. C. Murdock, and J. E. Stiglitz, Liberalization, moral hazard in banking, and prudential regulation: Are capital requirements enough? The American Economic Review, pp.147-165, 2000.

H. Hesse, Financial intermediation in the pre-consolidated banking sector in nigeria, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, pp.1-36, 2007.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-4267

J. Hicks, Annual Survey of Economic Theory: The Theory of Monopoly, Econometrica, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1-20, 1935.
DOI : 10.2307/1907343

I. Hoxha, The market structure of the banking sector and financially dependent manufacturing sectors, International Review of Economics & Finance, vol.27, pp.432-444, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.iref.2013.01.004

J. E. Jackson and A. R. Thomas, Bank structure and new business creation lessons from an earlier time, Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.25, issue.3, pp.323-353, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-0462(94)02069-S

J. Jayaratne and P. E. Strahan, The Finance-Growth Nexus: Evidence from Bank Branch Deregulation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.111, issue.3, pp.639-670, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2946668

J. Jayaratne and J. Wolken, How important are small banks to small business lending?, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.23, issue.2-4, pp.427-458, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00085-5

G. Jiménez, J. A. Lopez, and J. Saurina, How does competition affect bank risk-taking?, Journal of Financial Stability, vol.9, issue.2, pp.185-195, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfs.2013.02.004

G. P. Kabango and A. Paloni, Financial Liberalization and the Industrial Response: Concentration and Entry in Malawi, World Development, vol.39, issue.10, pp.391771-1873, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.001

S. Kablan, Mesure de l'Efficacit?? des Banques dans les Pays en Voie de D??veloppement: Le Cas de l'Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA), African Development Review, vol.21, issue.No. 2, pp.367-399, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00214.x

S. Kablan, Banking efficiency and financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMF Working Paper, pp.1-26, 2010.

S. N. Kaplan and L. Zingales, Do Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Provide Useful Measures of Financing Constraints?, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.112, issue.1, pp.169-215, 1997.
DOI : 10.1162/003355397555163

M. Keeley, Deposit insurance, risk, and market power in banking, The American Economic Review, pp.1183-1200, 1990.

C. Kirkpatrick, V. Murinde, and M. Tefula, The measurement and determinants of x-inefficiency in commercial banks in Sub-Saharan Africa, The European Journal of Finance, vol.14, issue.7, pp.625-639, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/096031098332754

M. A. Klein, A Theory of the Banking Firm, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol.3, issue.2, pp.205-218, 1971.
DOI : 10.2307/1991279

K. Kpodar, Le développement financier et la croissance: L'Afrique Subsaharienne est-elle marginalisée? African Development Review, pp.106-137, 2005.

V. Kysucky and L. Norden, The benefits of relationship lending in a cross-country context: A meta-analysis, Management science, vol.forthcoming, pp.1-39, 2015.

L. Laeven and G. Majnoni, Does judicial efficiency lower the cost of credit?, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1791-1812, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2004.06.036

L. Laeven and F. Valencia, Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update, SSRN Electronic Journal, vol.165, pp.1-33, 2012.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2096234
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.349.6005

F. Léon, Market power and bank efficiency in low-income countries: Evidence from africa, 2014.

F. Léon, Measuring competition in banking: A critical review of methods, CERDI Etudes et documents, vol.12, 2014.

F. Léon, Does bank competition alleviate credit constraints in developing countries?, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.57, pp.130-142, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.04.005

F. Léon, Revisiting the role of market power on intermediation costs in africa, 2015.

C. Lin, Y. Ma, and F. M. Song, Bank competition, credit information sharing and banking efficiency, 2010.

G. Liu and A. Mirzaei, Industrial gorwth: Does bank competition, concentration and stability constraints matter? evidence from developed and developing countries, 2013.

I. Love, M. Peria, and M. , How bank competition affects firms' access to finance, World Bank Economic Review, issue.6163, 2015.

M. Manove, A. J. Padilla, and M. Pagano, Collateral versus Project Screening: A Model of Lazy Banks, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.32, issue.4, pp.726-744, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/2696390

A. J. Marcus, Deregulation and bank financial policy, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.8, issue.4, pp.557-565, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4266(84)80046-1

R. Marquez, Competition, Adverse Selection, and Information Dispersion in the Banking Industry, SSRN Electronic Journal, vol.15, issue.3, p.901, 2002.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.264531

D. Martinez-miera and R. Repullo, Does Competition Reduce the Risk of Bank Failure?, Review of Financial Studies, vol.23, issue.10, pp.3638-3664, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/rfs/hhq057

M. Peria, M. S. Mody, and A. , How foreign participation and market concentration impact bank spreads: evidence from latin america, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol.36, issue.3, pp.511-537, 2004.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-3210

E. Mason, Price and production policies of large-scale enterprise, The American Economic Review, vol.29, issue.1, pp.61-74, 1939.

J. Maudos and J. Fernández-de-guevara, Factors explaining the interest margin in the banking sectors of the European Union, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.28, issue.9, pp.2259-2281, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2003.09.004

J. Maudos and L. Solis, The determinants of net interest income in the Mexican banking system: An integrated model, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.33, issue.10, pp.1920-1931, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.04.012

C. Mayer, New issues in corporate finance, European Economic Review, vol.32, issue.5, pp.1167-1183, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(88)90077-3

C. Mcintosh, A. Janvry, and E. Sadoulet, How Rising Competition Among Microfinance Institutions Affects Incumbent Lenders*, The Economic Journal, vol.110, issue.2, pp.987-1004, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(93)90051-B

F. S. Mishkin, Financial consolidation: Dangers and opportunities, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.23, issue.2, pp.675-691, 1999.
DOI : 10.3386/w6655

F. Modigliani and M. H. Miller, The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American economic review, pp.261-297, 1958.

M. Monti, Deposit, credit, and interest rate determinantion under alternative bank objectives, Mathematical Methods in Investment and Finance. Amsterdan, 1972.

J. Moyo, B. Nandwa, D. E. Council, J. Oduor, and A. Simpasa, Financial sector reforms, competition and banking system stability in sub-saharan africa, 2014.

S. Mudd, Bank Structure, Relationship Lending and Small Firm Access to Finance: A Cross-Country Investigation, Journal of Financial Services Research, vol.17, issue.4, pp.149-174, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10693-012-0140-4

A. Mugume, Market structure and performance in uganda's banking industry, 2008.

F. Mwega, The Competitiveness and Efficiency of the Financial Services Sector in Africa: A Case Study of Kenya, African Development Review, vol.36, issue.2, pp.44-59, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8268.2010.00271.x

J. Nannyonjo, Financial Sector Reforms in Uganda): Interest Rate Spreads, Market Structure, Bank Performance and Monetary Policy, 1990.

G. S. Ndiaye, InstitutionsFinancì eres et Développement Economique, 2008.

C. Okeahalam, An analysis of the price-concentration relationship in the botswana commercial banking industry, Journal of African Finance and Economic Development, vol.3, pp.65-84, 1998.

C. Okeahalam, Structure and conduct in the commercial banking sector of South Africa. Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies, 2002.

C. C. Okeahalam, Concentration in the banking sector of the common monetary area of southern africa, Conference on Development Issues in the New Economy. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, pp.24-26, 2002.

A. M. Oliver, V. S. Fumás, and J. Saurina, Risk premium and market power in credit markets, Economics Letters, vol.93, issue.3, pp.450-456, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.econlet.2006.06.021

T. Olweny and T. M. Shipho, Effects of banking sectoral factors on the profitability of commercial banks in kenya, Economics and Finance Review, vol.1, issue.5, pp.1-30, 2011.

O. 'toole and C. M. , Does financial liberalisation improve access to investment finance in developing countries? UNU-WIDER Working Paper, pp.1-38, 2012.

J. Panzar and J. Rosse, Testing For "Monopoly" Equilibrium, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.35, issue.4, pp.443-456, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/2098582

S. Peltzman, The Gains and Losses from Industrial Concentration, The Journal of Law and Economics, vol.20, issue.2, pp.229-263, 1977.
DOI : 10.1086/466902

M. Petersen, Information: Hard and soft, 2004.

M. Petersen and R. Rajan, The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data, The Journal of Finance, vol.71, issue.1, pp.3-37, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1994.tb04418.x

M. Petersen and R. Rajan, The Effect of Credit Market Competition on Lending Relationships, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.110, issue.2, pp.407-443, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2118445

A. Popov and G. Udell, Cross-border banking, credit access, and the financial crisis, Journal of International Economics, vol.87, issue.1, pp.147-161, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.01.008

A. F. Presbitero and A. Zazzaro, Competition and relationship lending: Friends or foes?, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.20, issue.3, pp.387-413, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfi.2010.09.001

R. Rajan, Insiders and Outsiders: The Choice between Informed and Arm's-Length Debt, The Journal of Finance, vol.73, issue.4, pp.1367-1400, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04662.x

R. Rajan and L. Zingales, Financial dependence and growth, The American Economic Review, vol.88, issue.3, pp.559-586, 1998.
DOI : 10.3386/w5758

T. Rice and P. E. Strahan, Does credit competition affect small-firm finance? The Journal of Finance, pp.861-889, 2010.

A. D. Roy, Safety First and the Holding of Assets, Econometrica, vol.20, issue.3, pp.431-449, 1952.
DOI : 10.2307/1907413

K. Schaeck and M. Cihák, Banking Competition and Capital Ratios, European Financial Management, vol.11, issue.1, pp.836-866, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-036X.2010.00551.x
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.596.5078

K. Schaeck and M. Cihák, Competition, Efficiency, and Stability in Banking, Financial Management, vol.77, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/fima.12010

K. Schaeck, M. Cihák, and S. Wolfe, Are Competitive Banking Systems More Stable?, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol.15, issue.4, pp.711-734, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00228.x

J. A. Scott and W. C. Dunkelberg, Competition for small firm banking business: Bank actions versus market structure, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.34, issue.11, pp.2788-2800, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.06.004

S. A. Sharpe, Asymmetric information, bank lending, and implicit contracts: A stylized model of customer relationships, The Journal of Finance, vol.45, issue.4, pp.1069-1087, 1990.

J. C. Stein, Information Production and Capital Allocation: Decentralized versus Hierarchical Firms, The Journal of Finance, vol.43, issue.5, pp.1891-1921, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/0022-1082.00483
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.194.7582

J. Stiglitz and A. Weiss, Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information, 1981.

J. E. Stiglitz and A. Weiss, Incentive effects of terminations: Applications to the credit and labor markets, The American Economic Review, vol.73, issue.5, pp.912-927, 1983.

B. M. Tabak, D. M. Fazio, C. , and D. O. , The relationship between banking market competition and risk-taking: Do size and capitalization matter?, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.36, issue.12, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.07.022

J. Tobin, A General Equilibrium Approach To Monetary Theory, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol.1, issue.1, pp.15-29, 1969.
DOI : 10.2307/1991374

R. Turk-ariss, On the implications of market power in banking: Evidence from developing countries, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.34, issue.4, pp.765-775, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.09.004

A. Uhde and U. Heimeshoff, Consolidation in banking and financial stability in Europe: Empirical evidence, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.33, issue.7, pp.1299-1311, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.01.006

J. M. Villas-boas and U. Schmidt-mohr, Oligopoly with Asymmetric Information: Differentiation in Credit Markets, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.30, issue.3, pp.375-396, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/2556054

J. Williams, Efficiency and market power in Latin American banking, Journal of Financial Stability, vol.8, issue.4, pp.263-276, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfs.2012.05.001

W. Bank, Global financial development report: Rethinking the role of the state in finance, 2013.

Y. Yafeh and O. Yosha, Industrial Organization of Financial Systems and Strategic Use of Relationship Banking, Review of Finance, vol.5, issue.1-2, pp.63-78, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1012628105683

E. L. Yeyati and A. Micco, Concentration and foreign penetration in Latin American banking sectors: Impact on competition and risk, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol.31, issue.6, pp.311633-1647, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.11.003

O. Yosha, Information Disclosure Costs and the Choice of Financing Source, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.4, issue.1, pp.3-20, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/jfin.1995.1001

R. Zarutskie, Evidence on the Effects of Bank Competition on Firm Borrowing and Investment, SSRN Electronic Journal, vol.81, pp.503-537, 2006.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.494243

R. Zarutskie, Competition, financial innovation and commercial bank loan portfolios, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.22, issue.3, pp.373-396, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfi.2013.02.001

T. Zhao and V. Murinde, Bank Deregulation and Performance in Nigeria, African Development Review, vol.10, issue.1, pp.30-43, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8268.2010.00270.x

. Uhde, C. Heimeshoff, and H. Boyd, 134 countries 1993-2004 Z-score HHI Schaeck and Cihák (2013) 10 European countries 1995-2005 Z-score Boone indicator Amidu and Wolfe (2013) 55 Developing countries (22) 2000-2007 Z-score, NPLs and Cap, Ratio Lerner and H-statistic Schaeck and Cihák (2012) 10 European countries 1995-2005 Cap. Ratio H-statistic Papers in line with competition-fragility view Yeyati and Micco, 2007.

B. Turk-ariss, 60 Developing countries (14) 1999-2005 Z-score Lerner, 1994.

. Agoraki, 13 CEE countries 14 Asian countries 2003-2010 Market distance to default Lerner Papers with ambiguous or non-linear results, p.10, 1998.

. Latin-american-countries, Z-score (SFA) Boone indicator a NPLs: Ratio of non-performing loans to total loans; Cap. Ratio: Ratio of Equity to total assets; SFA: Stochastic frontier analysis b CRx : Fraction of assets controlled by the x largest banks, 2003.