. Hathaway, Rewriting Eighteenth-Century Ottoman History On the Ottoman eighteenth century, see also: Abou-El-Haj (Rifa'at 'Ali), Formation of the Modern State, Mediterranean Historical Review, pp.19-129, 2004.

. Hourani, The Changing Face of the Fertile Crescent in the 18 th century, Studia Islamica, vol.8, pp.89-122, 1957.

. See-for-example, Islamic Revival and Modernity : The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigm On the importance of global history for interpretation of the contemporary world, see: Gradner (Margarete, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Rothermund (Dietmar), Schwentker (Wolfgang) (dir.), Globalisierung und Globalgeschichte See also the works de Stefan Reichmuth, pp.40-4444, 1997.

. Globalgeschichte and . Theorien, See also: Budde (Gunilla, Conrad (Sebastian) Janz (Oliver) (dir.), Transnationale Geschichte. Themen, Tendenzen und Theorien, pp.347-320, 2006.

. Gran and . Peter, Beyond Eurocentrism : A New View of Modern World History, 1996.

. See, Stuchtey (Benedikt) and Fuchs (Eckhardt), Writing World History, pp.1800-2000, 2003.

. See, The Epochal Concept of Early Modernity and the Intellectual History of Late Imperial China, Journal of World History, pp.14-15, 2003.

. On-modernity and . Globality, The Global History of 'Modernity, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, pp.41-3285, 1998.

. See, Abdullah (Thabit), Merchants, Mamluks and Murder. The Political Economy of Trade in 18th century Basra, 2001.

V. Verhaaren, Royal French Women in the Ottoman Sultans' Harem: the Political Uses of Fabricated Accounts from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-first century, Journal of World History, pp.17-19, 2006.

. See, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam. A Reader, p.79, 1996.

. See, Rebel and Saint : Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounter (Algeria and Tunisia, pp.1800-1904, 1994.

. Horowitz, International Law and State Transformation in China, Siam, and the Ottoman Empire during the Nineteenth Century-486; by the same author, see also the important article, Journal of World History Eighteenth century Ottoman Realities Studia Islamica, pp.15-19, 1962.

. See, Paying for the Privilege : The Management of Public Order and Religious Pluralism in Two Early Modern Societies, Journal of World History, pp.17-20, 2006.

(. R. Barendse, The Arabian Seas : The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century, Armonk (NY), vol.588, 2002.

S. Albany, See also: Freitag (Ulrike), Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadramawt: Reforming the Homeland, pp.589-87, 2002.

. See and (. R. Barendse, Trade and State in the Arabian Seas :A Survey from the XVth to the XVIIIth centuries, Journal of World History, pp.11-13, 2000.