, Paris. 2 I had the opportunity to go to in order to meet contemporary Iraqi painters. That first journey resulted in an exhibition of Iraqi paintings in October of that year and a published catalogue 3 A short paper by the geographer Pierre Marthelot, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Science Sociale (EHESS) Annales de Géographie, vol.74, issue.4, pp.24-37, 1965.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00656215
, Architecture in Iraq between the Two World Wars Ur: International Magazine of Arab Culture 2-3 (London: Iraqi Cultural Centre , 1982): 97. 5 See for example, Mithal Al Alusi Main characteristics of Iraqi Housing, Al Amilon fi al Naft Magazine, vol.36, p.page numbers, 1920.
, The Oriental Houses in Baghdad Ur: International Magazine of Arab Cul ture 1 The Oriental Houses in Baghdad The Oriental Houses in Baghdad Ur: International Magazine of Architectural Traditions and New Architecture in Iraq: The House of Baghdad , its Old and Modern Concept, an Examination of the Elements and Methods of a Contemporary Synthesis, Ur: Interna tional Magazine of Arab Culture Abdulac, Traditional Housing Design in Arab Countries. Designing in Islamic Cultures. 2: Urban Housing, pp.2-13, 1962.
, Middle East Con struction 9 34-5. 6 Many architectural programs such as the Great Mosque, the building of Amanat Baghdad (Municipality), the housing for officers on Abu Nuwas, the New International Airport, and so on, have been published in books and magazines. See for example The Development of Residential Function of Greater Baghdad Openhouse volume (place of publication numbers; Middle East Construction volume (place of publication, 1978): page numbers; Architektura volume (Warsaw, 1979): page numbers, Consulting architect: Architectural Landmarks of the Recent PastOEthe Work of Wilson and Mason in Iraq Arabic), pp.37-41, 1950.
, page numbers; Architecture d'aujourd'hui volume (France numbers; Landscape Design volume (place of publication, Techniques et architectures volume, p.page numbers; SD volume page numbers page page numbers; A&U volume page numbers, 1983.
, Airport rayeb La transformation des structures urbaines de Beyrouth pendant le mandat français On Libya: Mia Fuller Building Power: Italian Architecture in Libya and Ethiopia Nezar Al Sayyad (Aldershot: Avebury, 1992) (page numbers); and Mia Fuller Edilizia e potere: l'urbanistica e l'architettura coloniale italiana): (page numbers) On Morocco: Jean-Louis Cohen and Monique Eleb, Casablanca, mythes et figures d'une aventure urbaine (Paris: Hazan, 1998) On Northern Africa: François Béguin, Arabi sances: décor architectural et tracé urbain en Afrique du Nord On Syria: Franck Friès La mise en place de la ville moderne ; des règlements au plan On Turkey, Forms of Dominance. On the Architecture and Urbanism of the Colonial Enterprise Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic, pp.1830-19501860, 1923.
, Contemporary architecture in Baghdad: its roots and transition
, 14 Pierre Marthelot Bagdad, notes de géographie urbaine 15 Fethi Contemporary Architecture in Baghdad: Its Roots and Transition 16 On housing with a central space in nineteenth-twentieth century Arab-Islamic areas, see Jean-Charles Depaule, ed., Cahiers de la recherche architecturale (Marseille: Parenthèses, 1987), 20-1. 17 On the housing of this period, see Ihsan Fethi and John Warren, Traditional Houses in Baghdad (Worthing, Sussex: Flexiprint Ltd, 1982), and Subhi Al Azzawi 18 For more about Baghdad in the Ottoman period, see Thomas Herzog Baghdad through the Ottoman eyes, The Empire in the City, Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman Empire Quoted from Jacques Dauphin, Incertain Irak, tableau d'un royaume avant la tem pête page number. 20 Report of the British Intelligence Services Public Record Office (UK). 21 Quoted from Jacques Dauphin, Incertain Irak, page number. 22 An analysis of the situation seen from the angle of international regulations can be found in Emmanuel Nolde, L'Irak: origine historique et situation internationale See also Zaki Saleh, Britain and Iraq: Study in British Foreign Affairs, pp.129-166, 1914.
, The Monarchy and British Iinfluence, pp.1941-1958, 1996.
, The Making of Iraq 23 Khalid Al Sultani Architecture in Iraq Between the Two World Wars Ur: International Magazine of Arab Culture 2-3 (1982): 99 sqq. 24 Caecilia Pieri Entre tutelle coloniale et souveraineté nationale Protection et restauration de l'architecture coloniale à Bagdad: problèmes et enjeux, " both in Le Patrimoine des empires coloniaux européens (Paris: Institut National du Patrimoine Somogy 25 On Wilson's work in Baghdad, see Pauline Lavagne d'Ortigue Connaître l'architecture classique et l'urbanisme colonial / Découvrir l'Orient et l'architecture islamique / Rêver d'une ville moderne et syncrétique Châtelain and I. Gadoin (Lyon: ENS Editions, forthcoming). 26 Precise lists of the post offices opened in the first years of the British Mandate are available in the a military officer working as an engineer with Sir Edwin Lutyens in New Delhi. For further information, see P. Lavagne d'Ortigue, Rêver d'Orient, Connaître l'Orient 27 James Mollison Wilson Connaître l'architecture classique et l'urbanisme colonial " in Rêver d'Orient, Connaître l'Orient, ed. M.E. Châtelain and I. Gadoin, pp.1900-1963, 1920.
, The Story of an Architect 28 Quoted from Khalid Al Sultani Ur: International Magazine of Arab Culture 29 On this concept 30 In this paper I use mainly the classification of four types of houses used first by Khalis Al Ashab, op. cit., (1974) and then Layth Raouf, in " Tradition and continuity in the Modern Iraqi House, Urbanism: Imported or Exported? Native Aspirations and Foreign Plans Ur: International Magazine of Arab Culture, pp.2-3, 1920.
, See Khalis Al Ashab 32 Layth Raouf Tradition and Continuity in the Modern Iraqi House Ur: Inter national Magazine of Arab Culture 1 (1985): 19-20. 33 Layth Raouf, ibid. See also figures available in Fayez Al Beiruti Al Tat¥wir Al ?Imara lil bayt fi Baghdad 34 Personal communication, Prof. Chardirji, during an informal discussion in London Quoted by Ihsan Fethi Contemporary Architecture in Baghdad: Its Roots and Transition 1985): 131. 36 On the global modification of the urban scheme of Bagdhad see Khalis Al Ashab, Historical Centre Rehabilitation Project: 1. Inventory of Mon uments of Cultural Interest, 80 p. 2. Social Conditions, pp.84-92, 1920.
, Entre tutelle coloniale et souveraineté nationale 38 Layth Raouf Tradition and Continuity in the Modern Iraqi House Ur: Inter national Magazine of Arab Culture Report of the Development of Baghdad: A Contribution to the Ideas for the Development of the Capital of 40 See references mentioned above in note 7 and also Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer Tradition and Continuity in the Modern Iraqi House, 37 On the symbolic and national status of this Pavilion in Iraqi newspapers and official texts, see Caecilia Pieri Le Patrimoine des empires coloniaux européens Ur: Inter national Magazine of Arab Culture. 42 Bernard Vernier, L'Irak aujourd'hui, pp.18-21, 1921.
, Contemporary Architecture in Baghdad: Its Roots and Transition Madinat Al Salaam: Baghdad 1979-1983, Process Architecture 58 (Tokyo, 1985): 132. 44 Cf. the way Rifaat Chadirji sums up this concept in " Title, Process Architecture BAGHDAD ARCHITECTURE, pp.1921-1958
, 123. 45 Shirine Ihsan Shirzad Al- ?Im §ra al-?ad?tha f? al- ?Ir §q, editor, vol.129, p.46, 1985.
, However, protection also implies rehabilitation on a wider scale. 48 A synthetic review of such phenomena for other capitals is available in a special issue Public Space in the Middle-East and the Arab World: Between Urbanism and Urban Customs 49 The representation has to be distinguished from the perception. Perception is the reaction to a visible object; the representation is the idea you have of it independently of the reality of the object, so that it can embody any symbolic or ideological purpose or connotation. Cf. the analysis, although in another context, by Myriam Ababsa Idéologies territoriales et pratiques urbaines des riverains de l'ancienne ligne de démarcation de Beyrouth Villes et frontières, editor (Place of publication: Anthropos 50 See the pertinent analysis of these complex relationships in Sadri Bensmail and Salwa Bougha Pour une récupération critique des héritages traditionnels et modernes de la ville algérienne: du colonial dans le post-colonial, du global dans le local, " available online at <www.archi-art.net.> 51 A double motorway on both sides of the Tigris, with feeder roads, high-rise structures and sky-scrapers, congress palaces and so on, a city of science-fiction? Some images are already available on internet, see " A Renaissance for Baghdad " in <www.wikipedia.org.> 52 This statement is not merely my own conjecture, but the result of several recent discussions) with Baghdadis still living in these areas. 53 Bensmail and Bougha Pour une récupération critique Tradition and Continuity in the Modern Iraqi House An Appreciation of Arab-Islamic Architecture, Urbanism: Imported or Exported? Native Aspira tions and Foreign Plans xii. 47 This area could be defined between Kadhmiya to Jadriya along the Tigris Modern Architectures and the Construction of Identities Arab Architecture: Past and Present, pp.24-55, 1984.