J. S. Akin, D. K. Guilkey, . Hazel, and E. Denton, Quality of services and demand for health care in Nigeria: A multinomial probit estimation, Social Science & Medicine, vol.40, issue.11, pp.1527-1537, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00274-W

R. M. Andersen, H. Yu, R. Wyn, P. L. Davidson, E. R. Brown et al., Access to Medical Care for Low-Income Persons: How do Communities Make a Difference?, Medical Care Research and Review, vol.59, issue.4, pp.384-411, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/107755802237808

M. P. Aranda, L. A. Ray, S. A. Snih, K. J. Ottenbacher, and K. S. Markides, The Protective Effect of Neighborhood Composition on Increasing Frailty Among Older Mexican Americans, Journal of Aging and Health, vol.53, issue.8, pp.1189-1217, 2011.
DOI : 10.1177/014662167700100306

O. Aremu, S. Lawoko, and K. Dalal, The Influence of Individual and Contextual Socioeconomic Status on Obstetric Care Utilization in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Population-based Study, Int J Prev Med, vol.3, pp.278-285, 2008.

M. Audibert, J. Mathonnat, I. , N. , and &. M. , The determinants of health care demand amongst the Senoufo of the Cote d'Ivoire, Health and System Science, vol.2, pp.111-126, 1999.

F. Béland, S. Birch, and G. Stoddart, Unemployment and health: contextual-level influences on the production of health in populations, Social Science & Medicine, vol.55, issue.11, pp.2033-2052, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00344-6

J. Brunet-jailly, Santé en capitales : la dynamique des systèmes de santé des capitales ouest-africaines, 1999.

N. Carpentier and F. Ducharme, Les approches prédictive et explicative dans l'étude de l'utilisation des services: L'exemple de la gérontologie sociale. Ruptures, Revue interdisciplinaire en santé, pp.112-116, 2003.

J. Y. Choi, Contextual effects on health care access among immigrants: Lessons from three ethnic communities in Hawaii, Social Science & Medicine, vol.69, issue.8, pp.1261-1271, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.001

B. Cissé, J. Moatti, and S. Luchini, Recouvrement des co??ts et demande de soins dans les PED, Revue fran??aise d'??conomie, vol.18, issue.4, pp.111-149, 2004.
DOI : 10.3406/rfeco.2004.1537

G. Costa, C. Marinacci, A. Caiazzo, and T. Spadea, Individual and Contextual Determinants of Inequalities in Health: The Italian Case, International Journal of Health Services, vol.6, issue.6, pp.635-667, 2003.
DOI : 10.2190/AM8R-K0DY-F7PM-3RNP

P. L. Davidson, D. C. Carreon, S. E. Baumeister, T. T. Nakazono, J. J. Gutierrez et al., Influence of contextual environment and community-based dental education on practice plans of graduating seniors, J Dent Educ, vol.71, pp.403-418, 2007.

N. Diallo, N. T. Moussiliou, A. , D. Santos, S. Ndonky et al., Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmodium in Urban Dakar: The Risk of Malaria Should Not Be Underestimated, PLoS ONE, vol.48, issue.2, p.31100, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0031100.t004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00756465

S. Diallo, L. Konate, O. Ndir, T. Dieng, Y. Dieng et al., Malaria in the central health district of Dakar (Senegal). Entomological, parasitological and clinical data, Sante, vol.10, pp.221-229, 2000.

A. V. Diez-roux, F. J. Nieto, C. Muntaner, H. A. Tyroler, G. W. Comstock et al., Neighborhood Environments and Coronary Heart Disease: A Multilevel Analysis, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.146, issue.1, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009191

D. Roux and A. V. , Neighborhoods and health: where are we and were do we go from here? Rev Epidemiol santé publique, pp.13-21, 2007.

P. M. Drame, V. Machault, A. Diallo, S. Cornelie, A. Poinsignon et al., IgG responses to the gSG6-P1 salivary peptide for evaluating human exposure to Anopheles bites in urban areas of Dakar region, S??n??gal, Malaria Journal, vol.11, issue.1, p.72, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.11.005

O. Faye and I. Thioub, Les marginaux et l'Etat à Dakar, Le Mouvement social, pp.93-108, 2003.
DOI : 10.2307/3779938

A. Franckel, Contexte villageois et recours aux soins dans la r??gion de Fatick au S??n??gal, Population, vol.63, issue.3, pp.531-553, 2008.
DOI : 10.3917/popu.803.0531
URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=POPU_803_0531

H. Goldstein, Hierarchical Data Modeling in the Social Sciences, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, vol.20, issue.2, pp.201-204, 1995.
DOI : 10.3102/10769986020002201

H. Goldstein, G. Bonnet, and T. Rocher, Multilevel Structural Equation Models for the Analysis of Comparative Data on Educational Performance, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, vol.32, issue.3, pp.252-286, 2007.
DOI : 10.3102/1076998606298042

H. Goldstein and R. Jon, Improved Approximations for Multilevel Models with Binary Responses, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), vol.159, issue.3, pp.505-513, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2983328

S. Haddad and P. Fournier, Quality, cost and utilization of health services in developing countries. A longitudinal study in Za??re, Social Science & Medicine, vol.40, issue.6, pp.40-743, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00134-F

C. L. Himes and T. S. Rutrough, Differences in the Use of Health Services by Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Elderly, The Journal of Rural Health, vol.46, issue.2, pp.80-88, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2136491

I. Kleinschmidt, M. Hills, and P. Elliott, Smoking behaviour can be predicted by neighbourhood deprivation measures., Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.49, issue.Suppl 2, pp.72-77, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.49.Suppl_2.S72
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1060880

R. Lalou, Vulnérabilités et équité des soins -paludisme, 2009.

V. C. Lavy and J. M. Quigley, Willingness to Pay for the Quality and Intensity of Midical Care; Low-Income Households in Ghana, 1993.

D. F. López-cevallos and C. Chi, Health care utilization in Ecuador: a multilevel analysis of socio-economic determinants and inequality issues, Health Policy and Planning, vol.25, issue.3, pp.209-218, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czp052

V. Machault, L. Gadiaga, C. Vignolles, F. Jarjaval, S. Bouzid et al., Highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in Dakar, Malaria Journal, vol.8, issue.1, p.138, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-8-138

M. Mariko, Quality of care and the demand for health services in Bamako, Mali: the specific roles of structural, process, and outcome components, Social Science & Medicine, vol.56, issue.6, pp.1183-1196, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00117-X

M. Marpsat, La modelisation des "effets de quartier" aux Etats-Unis: Une revue des travaux recents, Population (French Edition), vol.54, issue.2, pp.303-330, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1534903

S. Ndiaye and M. Ayad, Enquête Nationale sur le paludisme, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Humain (Sénégal) et ICF Macro. (p. 147 p), 2008.

A. Ndonky and R. Lalou, en cours). Y a-t-il un effet de contexte spatial sur le recours aux services de santé en cas de fièvre à Dakar?

D. Ouédraogo, V. Piché, and S. Santos, Dynamique migratoire, insertion urbaine et environement au Burkina Faso, Presse universitaire de Ouagadogou, 2007.

F. Pages, G. Texier, B. Pradines, L. Gadiaga, V. Machault et al., Malaria transmission in Dakar: A two-year survey, Malaria Journal, vol.7, issue.1, p.178, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-7-178
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00634615

R. F. Palmer, J. W. Graham, E. L. White, and W. B. Hansen, Applying Multilevel Analytic Strategies in Adolescent Substance Use Prevention Research, Preventive Medicine, vol.27, issue.3, pp.328-336, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/pmed.1998.0311

K. E. Pickett and M. Pearl, Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.55, issue.2, pp.111-122, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.55.2.111

J. Piermay, L'apprentissage de la ville en Afrique sud-saharienne, Le Mouvement Social, vol.204, issue.3, pp.35-46, 2003.
DOI : 10.3917/lms.204.0035
URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=LMS_204_0035

D. E. Sahn and D. C. Stifel, Poverty Comparisons Over Time and Across Countries in Africa, World Development, vol.28, issue.12, pp.2123-2155, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00075-9

C. A. Santos, A. Strina, L. D. Amorim, B. Genser, A. M. Assis et al., Individual and contextual determinants of the duration of diarrhoeal episodes in preschool children: a longitudinal study in an urban setting, Epidemiology and Infection, vol.3, issue.04, pp.689-696, 2012.
DOI : 10.1177/095624780101300117

M. J. Smiley, A. V. Diez-roux, S. J. Brines, D. G. Brown, K. R. Evenson et al., A spatial analysis of health-related resources in three diverse metropolitan areas, Health & Place, vol.16, issue.5, pp.885-892, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.014

A. Souares, R. Lalou, I. Sene, D. Sow, and J. Le-hesran, Factors related to compliance to anti-malarial drug combination: example of amodiaquine/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine among children in rural Senegal, Malaria Journal, vol.8, issue.1, p.118, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-8-118

F. Stierle, M. Kaddar, A. Tchicaya, and B. Schmidt-ehry, Indigence and access to health care in sub-Saharan Africa, The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, vol.29, issue.2, pp.81-105, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199904/06)14:2<81::AID-HPM543>3.0.CO;2-P

J. Trape, E. Lefebvre-zante, F. Legros, G. Ndiaye, H. Bouganali et al., Vector density gradients and the epidemiology of urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.47, pp.181-189, 1992.

G. Woodhouse, M. Yang, H. Goldstein, and R. Jon, Adjusting for Measurement Error in Multilevel Analysis, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), vol.159, issue.2, pp.201-212, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2983168