A. Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 1983.

Z. Bauman, Liquid Modernity, 2000.

U. Beck and E. Beck-gernsheim, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences, 2001.

A. Bruckman, Learning in Online Communities, in Sawyer K. Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences, pp.461-472, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511816833.028

J. Burgess and J. Green, YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0066

C. Calhoun, Indirect Relationships and Imagined Communities: Large-Scale Social Integration and the Transformation of Everyday Life, 95_120 in Social Theory for a Changing Society, 1991.

N. Couldry, Media Rituals: A Critical Approach, 2003.

S. Cottle, Mediatized Rituals: Beyond Manufactured Consensus, Culture and Society, vol.28, issue.3, pp.411-432, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/0163443706062910

D. Dayan and E. Katz, Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History, 1994.

F. Dervin and M. Korpela, Introduction, Cocoon Communities -Togetherness in the 21st century

R. Dobler, Ghosts in the Machine Mourning the MySpace Dead, in Blank, J. Folklore and the Internet. Vernacular Expression in a Digital World, pp.175-194, 2009.

É. Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, 1912.

J. Fernback and B. Thompson, Virtual Communities: Abort, Retry, Failure, Presented as "Computermediated Communication and the American Collectivity " at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, 1995.

K. R. Foote and R. Brown, Virtual Memorials, Violence in America: An Encyclopedia, 1999.

K. V. Hartig and K. M. Dunn, Roadside Memorials: Interpreting New Deathscapes in Newcastle, Australian Geographical Studies, issue.36, pp.5-20, 1998.

A. Hepp and N. Couldry, Introduction, in Couldry, N. et al. Media events in a global age, pp.1-20, 2010.
DOI : 10.1057/9781137453136_1

R. Hiltz, Online communities: A Case Study of the Office of the Future, 1985.

H. Jenkins, Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture, Convergence Culture. When Old and New Media Collide, 1992.

K. W. Jones, The Thirty-Third Victim: Representations of Seung Hui Cho in the Aftermath of the ???Virginia Tech Massacre???, The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, vol.2, issue.1, pp.64-82, 2009.
DOI : 10.1353/hcy.0.0041

S. G. Jones, Cybersociety: Computer-mediated Communication and Community, 1995.

E. Katz and T. Liebes, No More Peace!': How Disaster, Terror and War Have Upstaged Media Events, International Journal of Communication, issue.1, pp.157-166, 2007.

D. Kellner, Media Spectacle and the " Massacre at Virginia Tech, Fastcapitalism, issue.3, 2007.

L. Kong, Cemeteries and Columbaria, Memorials and Mausoleums: Narrative and Interpretation in the Study of Deathscapes in Geography, Australian Geographical Studies, issue.37, pp.1-10, 1999.

S. Livingstone and R. Das, The end of audiences? Theoretical echoes of reception amidst the uncertainties of use, 2009.

A. Maddrell and J. Sidaway, Introduction, J. Deathscape. Spaces for Death, pp.1-18, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0001

R. Oldenburg, The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through the Day, 1989.

L. Palen, S. Vieweg, J. Sutton, S. B. Liu, and . Hughes, Crisis Informatics: Studying Crisis in a Networked World, Third International Conference on e-Social Science, 2007.

M. Roche, Mega-events and modernity revisited: globalization and the case of the Olympics Sports mega-events: social scientific analyses of a global phenomenon, 2006.

E. W. Rothenberg, The Living Room Celebration of the Olympic Games, Journal of Communication, vol.38, issue.3, pp.61-81, 1988.

J. Santino, Performative Commemoratives: Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-137-12021-2_2

J. Santino, Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-137-12021-2

C. Schrecker, La communauté. Histoire critique d'un concept dans la sociologie anglo-saxonne, 2006.

E. Shils and M. Young, The Meaning of the Coronation, in E. Shils, Center and periphery: essays in Macrosociology, pp.135-152, 1956.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1953.tb00953.x

H. Silverman, Textualities: Between Hermeneutics and Deconstruction, 1994.

G. Simmel, On Individuality and Social Forms Voices from the WELL: The Logic of the Virtual Commons, Folksonomy: Social Classification, 1972.

C. Stoll, Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts on the Information Highway, 1995.

S. Turkle, Virtuality and its Discontents: Searching for Community in Cyberspace, The American Prospect, vol.24, pp.50-57, 1996.

E. Turner, Rites of communitas, " pp. 97-101 in Salamone, F.A. Encyclopaedia of religious rites, rituals and festivals, 2004.

V. Turner, The ritual process: Structure and Anti-structure, 1969.

V. Wal and T. , Folksonomy Coinage and Definition, Overkill in Virginia, 2007.

G. Weimann and C. Winn, The Theatre of Terror, Mass Media and Internal Terrorism, 1994.

B. Zelizer, Covering the Body: Kennedy Assassination, the Media and the Shaping of Collective Memory, 1993.

. Retrieved, UK) iv http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFQALu65INw Published on 27 (tngregory, M, 38, USA) v http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G0hdZeK7ss Published on USA) vi For example:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orgFPlMUqXM Published on 17) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEk6zIvHy-8 Published on, youtube.com/watch?v=m2ZafFtg5IM Published on 22, 2007.