C. Au and V. Henderson, Are Chinese cities too small?', The Review of Economic Studies 73, pp.549-576, 2006.

M. Bacolod, B. S. Blum, and W. C. Strange, Skills in the city, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.65, issue.2, pp.136-153, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jue.2008.09.003

A. Banerjee, E. Duflo, and N. Qian, On the road: Access to transportation infrastructure and economic growth in China, 2012.

G. J. Borjas, R. B. Friedman, and L. F. Katz, How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes?, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, vol.1997, issue.1, pp.1-90, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/2534701

F. Cai, A. Park, and Y. Zhao, The Chinese labor market in the reform eraChina's Great Economic Transformation, pp.167-214, 2008.

D. Card, Is the new immigration really so bad, Economic Journal, vol.115, issue.507, pp.300-323, 2005.

A. Chen and M. D. Partridge, When are Cities Engines of Growth in China? Spread and Backwash Effects across the Urban Hierarchy, Regional Studies, vol.83, issue.8, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0264-2751(03)00031-3

A. Ciccone, Agglomeration effects in Europe, European Economic Review, vol.46, issue.2, pp.213-227, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(00)00099-4

A. Ciccone and R. Hall, Productivity, and the density of economic activity, American Economic Review, vol.86, pp.54-70, 1996.
DOI : 10.3386/w4313

P. Combes, G. Duranton, and L. Gobillon, Spatial wage disparities: Sorting matters!, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.63, issue.2, pp.723-742, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jue.2007.04.004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00754296

P. Combes, G. Duranton, and L. Gobillon, The costs of agglomeration: Land prices in French cities, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00793632

P. Combes, T. Mayer, and J. Thisse, Economic Geography: The integration of Regions and Nations, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00754863

S. Démurger, M. Fournier, S. Li, and Z. Wei, Economic Liberalization with Rising Segmentation in China's Urban Labor Market, Asian Economic Papers, vol.47, issue.1, pp.58-101, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0106.00010

S. Démurger, M. Gurgand, S. Li, and X. Yue, Migrants as second-class workers in urban China? A decomposition analysis, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.37, issue.4, pp.610-628, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jce.2009.04.008

F. Docquier, C. Ozden, and G. Peri, The wage effects of immigration and emigration', The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 5556, 2011.

G. Duranton and D. Puga, Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economiesHandbook of Regional and Urban Economics, pp.2063-2117, 2004.

E. L. Glaeser and D. C. Maré, Cities and Skills, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.19, issue.2, pp.316-342, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/319563

C. Harris, The market as a factor in the localization of industry in the United States', Annals of the Association of, American Geographers, vol.44, issue.4, pp.315-348, 1954.

K. Head and T. Mayer, The empirics of agglomeration and tradeHandbook of Regional and Urban Economics, pp.2609-2669, 2004.

J. V. Henderson, Urbanization in China, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199678204.003.0035

L. Hering and S. Poncet, The impact of economic geography on wages: Disentangling the channels of influence, China Economic Review, vol.20, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chieco.2008.08.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00633816

L. Hering and S. Poncet, Market Access and Individual Wages: Evidence from China, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.13, issue.5, pp.145-159, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0106.00010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00633785

J. Jacobs, The Economy of Cities, Random House, 1969.

R. Jia, The Legacies of Forced Freedom: China's Treaty Ports, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.1953, issue.4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.10.009

S. Li, C. Luo, Z. Wei, and X. Yue, The 1995 and 2002 household surveys: Sampling methods and data descriptionInequality and Public Policy in China, pp.337-353, 2008.

X. Meng and D. Zhang, Labour market impact of large scale internal migration on Chinese urban 'native' workers, 2010.

G. Mion and P. Naticchioni, The spatial sorting and matching of skills and firms, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'??conomique, vol.19, issue.1, pp.28-55, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.01498.x

E. Moretti, Workers' Education, Spillovers, and Productivity: Evidence from Plant-Level Production Functions, American Economic Review, vol.94, issue.3, pp.656-690, 2004.
DOI : 10.1257/0002828041464623

G. Ottaviano and G. Peri, RETHINKING THE EFFECT OF IMMIGRATION ON WAGES, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol.10, issue.1, pp.152-197, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01052.x

G. Peri, The Effect Of Immigration On Productivity: Evidence From U.S. States, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.94, issue.05, pp.348-358, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jue.2006.07.004

L. A. Sjaastad, The Costs and Returns of Human Migration, Journal of Political Economy, vol.70, issue.5, Part 2, pp.80-93, 1962.
DOI : 10.1086/258726

R. H. Topel, Local Labor Markets, Journal of Political Economy, vol.94, issue.3, Part 2, pp.111-154, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/261401

Z. Xu, Productivity and Agglomeration Economies in Chinese Cities, Comparative Economic Studies, vol.32, issue.3, pp.284-301, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/00420989550012906

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00171894

. Transport, 187 * * * 0.182 * * * 0.163 * * * 0