D. Acemoglu and R. Shimer, Efficient Unemployment Insurance, Journal of Political Economy, vol.107, issue.5, pp.893-928, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/250084

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.29.1311

D. Acemoglu and S. Johnson, Unbundling Institutions, Journal of Political Economy, vol.113, issue.5, pp.949-995, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/432166

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.218.1044

P. Aghion and R. Griffith, Competition and Growth ? Reconciling Theory and Evidence, 2005.

. Algeria, Algeria Investment Climate Assessment, Pilot Investment Climate Assessment, International Finance Corporation. The World Bank, 2002.

D. A. Aschauer, Is public expenditure productive?, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.23, issue.2, pp.177-200, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3932(89)90047-0

M. R. Aterido and . Hallward-driemeier, Impact of Access to Finance, Corruption and Infrastructure on Employment Gowth, 2007.

R. Aterido, M. Hallward-driemeier, and C. Pages, Big Constraints to Small Firms'Growth? Business Environment and Employment Growth across Firms, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2009.

A. F. Aysan, M. K. Nabli, and M. Véganzonès-varoudakis, GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT: AN APPLICATION TO THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA, The Developing Economies, vol.42, issue.no. 7, pp.339-377, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1746-1049.2007.00042.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00171771

A. F. Aysan, . Pang, . Gaobo, and M. Véganzonès-varoudakis, Uncertainty, economic reforms and private investment in the Middle East and North Africa, Applied Economics, vol.27, issue.11, pp.1379-1395, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/00220388208421848

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00229518

B. Balassa, Exports and Economic Growth-Further Evidence, Journal of Development Economics, vol.5, 1978.

R. J. Barro, Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth, part II, pp.103-125, 1990.
DOI : 10.3386/w2588

. Batra, . Geeta, . Kaufmann, . Daniel, and A. Stone, Investment Climate around the World, 2003.
DOI : 10.1596/0-8213-5390-X

T. Beck, A. Demirguc-kunt, and V. Maksimovi, Financial and Legal Constraints to Growth: Does firm Size Matter?, The Journal of Finance LX, issue.I, pp.137-177, 2005.

A. Bigsten and M. Soderbom, What Have We Learned From a Decade of Manufacturing Enterprises Surveys in Africa? The World Bank Research Observer, pp.241-265, 2006.

M. I. Blejer, . Kahn, and S. Mohsin, Government Policy and Private Investment in Developing Countries, IMF Staff Papers, 1984.

J. Borensztein, J. De, J. Gregorio, and . Lee, How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?, Journal of International Economics, vol.45, issue.1, pp.115-135, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1996(97)00033-0

B. Bosworth and S. Collins, The Empirics of Growth: An Update. The Brookings Institutions, 2003.

J. Botero, S. Djankov, and L. Porta, The Regulation of Labor, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.119, issue.4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1162/0033553042476215

T. Bresnahan, F. Brynjolfsson, M. Erik, and L. Hitt, Information Technology, Workplace Organization, and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.117, issue.1, pp.339-776, 2002.
DOI : 10.1162/003355302753399526

W. Carlin, M. E. Schafferand, and P. Seabright, Where are the Real Bottlenecks? A Langrangian Approach to Identifying Constraints on Growth from Subjective Survey Data, CERT Discussion Paper, 2006.

T. Coelli, D. S. Prasada-rao, and G. E. Battese, An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-5493-6

S. Commander and J. Svejnar, Do Institutions, Ownership, Exporting and Competitition Explain Firm Performances? Evidence for 26 Transition Economies, IZA Discussion Paper. N. 2637. Institute for study of the Labor reforms, 2007.

S. Djankov, L. Porta, . Rafael, . Lopez-de-silanes, . Florencio et al., The Regulation of Entry, Quartely Journal of Economics, vol.117, 2002.

D. Dollar, . Hallward-driemeier, . Mary, and T. Mengistae, Investment Climate and Firm Performance in Developing Economies, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.54, issue.1, pp.1-21, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/431262

D. Dollar, Investment climate and international integration, World Development, vol.34, issue.9, pp.1498-1516, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.05.001

S. N. Durlauf, A. Kourtellos, and C. M. Tan, Are Any Growth Theories Robust?, The Economic Journal, vol.6, issue.5, pp.329-346, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/1884513

. Egypt, Egypt: Toward a Better Investment Climate for Growth and Employment Creation, Middle East and North Africa Region, Private Sector, Financial Sector and Infrastructure Group, 2005.

. Egypt, Egypt's Investment Climate: A Survey-Based Update, Middle East and North Africa Region, Private Sector, Financial Sector and Infrastructure Group, 2006.

I. A. Elbadawi, Reviving Growth in the Arab World, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.53, issue.2, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/425375

A. Escribano, J. Guasch, and . Luis, Assessing the Impact of the Investment Climate on Productivity Using Firm-Level Data: Methodology and the Case of Guatemala, 2005.

P. Evans and J. Rauch, Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in the Less Developed Countries, Journal of Public Economics, vol.75, issue.1, pp.49-71, 2000.

I. Love and N. Mylenko, Credit Reporting and Financing Constraints, 2003.
DOI : 10.1596/1813-9450-3142

R. Lucas and . Jr, On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.22, issue.1, pp.3-42, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7

G. Mankiw, . Romer, . David, . Weil, and . David, A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.107, issue.2, pp.407-444, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2118477

B. F. Manly, Multivariate Statistical Method: A Primer, 1994.

P. Mauro, Corruption and Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.110, issue.3, pp.681-712, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2946696

. Mitra, . Arup, . Varoudakis, . Aristomène, and M. Véganzonès, Productivity and Technical Efficiency in Indian States??? Manufacturing: The Role of Infrastructure, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.50, issue.2, pp.395-426, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/321916

P. Mo and . Hung, Corruption and Economic Growth, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.29, issue.1, pp.66-79, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jcec.2000.1703

. Morocco, Moroccan Manufacturing Sector at the Turn of the Century. Result of the Firm Analysis and Competitiveness Survey, Pilot Investment Climate Assessment, International Finance Corporation, 2001.

. Morocco, Evaluation du Climat d'Investissement au Maroc, Middle East and North Africa Region, Private Sector, Financial Sector and Infrastructure Group, 2005.

K. M. Murphy, . Shleifer, . Andrei, and R. W. Vishny, Industrialization and the Big Push, Journal of Political Economy, vol.97, issue.5, pp.1003-1026, 1989.
DOI : 10.1086/261641

M. K. Nabli and M. Véganzonès-varoudakis, How does exchange rate policy affect manufactured exports in MENA countries?, Applied Economics, vol.36, issue.19, pp.2209-2220, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-7679.00164

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00204789

M. K. Nabli and M. Véganzonès-varoudakis, Reform complementarities and economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa, Journal of International Development, vol.3, issue.1, pp.17-54, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jid.1286

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00204797

. Nabli and K. Mustapha, Breaking the Barriers to Higher Economic Growth, 2007.
DOI : 10.1596/978-0-8213-7415-3

R. Nagaraj, . Varoudakis, . Aristomène, and M. Véganzonès, Long-run growth trends and convergence across Indian States, Journal of International Development, vol.40, issue.1, pp.45-70, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(200001)12:1<45::AID-JID586>3.0.CO;2-Z

R. Pande and C. Udry, Institutions and Development: A view from Below. Discussion Paper N, 2005.

G. Psacharopoulos, Education and Development: A Review World Bank Research Observer, pp.99-116, 1988.

R. Reinikka and J. Svensson, Coping with poor public capital, Journal of Development Economics, vol.69, issue.1, pp.51-69, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00052-4

D. Rodrik, A. Subramanian, and F. Trebbi, Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic Development, NBER Working Paper 9305, 2002.

D. Rodrik and A. Subramanian, From Hindu Growth to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition, 2004.

W. Romp and J. De-haans, Public Capital and Economic Growth: A Critical Survey, Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, vol.8, issue.S1, pp.40-70, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2516.2007.00242.x

K. Sekkat and M. Véganzonès-varoudakis, Openness, Investment Climate, and FDI in Developing Countries, Review of Development Economics, vol.27, issue.4, pp.607-620, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1996(92)90050-T

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00187094

S. Straub, Informal sector: The credit market channel, Journal of Development Economics, vol.78, issue.2, pp.299-321, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.09.005

V. Tanzi and H. Davooli, Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth. IMF Working Papers 97, 1997.

W. Bank, A Better Business Climate for Everyone, The World Bank, World Development Report, 2004.

W. Bank, Doing Business in 2009: Comparing Regulations in 181 Economies, 2009.

W. Bank, From Privilege to Competition Unlocking Private-Led Growth in the Middle East and North Africa, 2009.

F. Morocco and . Example, benefits from 500 enterprises in Garments In Saudi Arabia, the three branches suffer also from a relative small number of observations

. Acemoglu, . Shimer, and . Bresnahan, Human capital is also at the origin of positive externalities, 1988.

S. Lee, for Thailand, Indonesia and Nigeria. Reinikka and Svensonn (2002) found a positive relationship between the probability of owning a generator and the fact of being a large firm, an exporter, or a foreign company in Uganda, 1996.

M. Love, in particular, show that smaller firms have significantly less access to the financial system and tend to finance a smaller share of their investment with formal credit of micro-firms in their sample of African countries are credit constrained, but only 10 % of larger firms, 36 See Commander and Svejnar and Fismann and Svensson (2005) on Ugandan enterprises. 37 See also Galindo and Micco Beck 38 See also Galindo and Micco, 2003.