. Ibid, Four Cases, " 396; N. Hentati, " L'i?dh?r : une procédure judicaire dans le droit musulman, Cf. D. S. Powers ILS, pp.633-667, 2006.

M. K. Fierro and . Masud, Ill-Treated Women Seeking Divorce: the Qur'?nic two Arbiters and Judicial Practice among the Malikis in al-Andalus and North Africa, Dispensing Justice in Islam, vol.344, issue.2, p.28

I. ?ajar, Raf? al-i?r, 330/181; Wak??, Akhb?r al-qu??t, pp.135-141

I. ?ajar, Raf? al-i?r, 119/43, 330/181; al-Kha??b, Ta'r?kh Mad?nat al-sal?m, p.554

. Wak?, Akhb?r al-qu??t, 2:173; Ibn ?ajar, Raf? al-i?r, pp.121-167

I. ?ajar, Raf? al-i?r, 275/95; Wak??, Akhb?r al-qu??t (see also Ibn al-Jawz?, al-Munta?am, pp.170417-170426

. Wak??, Akhb?r al-qu??t, 2:128; al-Kind?, p.375

. Wak??, Akhb?r al-qu??t, 3:134; Ibn Khallik?n, p.277

E. A. Doumato, Hearing Other Voices, p.184

. Tillier, La société au miroir du tribunal, Annales Islamologiques, vol.42, pp.157-165, 2008.

. Ab?-l-waf?, D?r al-kutub al-?ilmiyya, n.d.), 142; al-Sarakhs?, al-Mabs?? (Beirut: D?r alma?rifa, p.32

. K?fan-governor-before-shar?k-b and . ?abd-all?h, 114 and a noble woman from the Ban? ?Ijl who asked the q??? ?af? b. Ghiy?th to marry her to someone. 115 These counter-examples may be markers of a progressive transition toward stricter seclusion within the upper classes of large Abbasid cities. 116 The increasing weight of this social norm at the end of the 2 nd

. Wak??, Akhb?r al-qu??t, 2:62. Cf. EI 2 , s.v. Mar'a (N. Tomiche)

. J. Cf and . Lecerf, Note sur la famille dans le monde arabe et islamique, 57; EI 2 , s.v. Mar'a, 1956.

M. Rahmatallah, The Women of Baghdad in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries as Revealed in the History of Baghdad of al-Hatib According to Goitein, seclusion was much stricter in the former Persian lands of the caliphate (Iraq and Iran) He concludes from his study of Jewish, pp.57-60, 1963.