. Existential-predicate-'[-<-pncv-*-abe-na, LHI paen; VLW b " n; LMG pan; VRA b " n " ; MSN p " n; MTA apena; NUM ab " n " ; MRL b?n. (#2) °aia 'locative anaphoric (there); inanimate oblique anaphoric (at/about? it); Existential predicate': HIU iº; LTG ?; MTP a?; VRA a?; VRS a?; MTA aia; DRG a?; KRO i?

. Vra-n, l¥¡-k; VRS " l¥oe-k; MSN " l¥¡-k; MTA l¥a-k; NUM na-l¥a-k; DRG l¥a?-k

/. Vra-n and . Uw?, VRS ?w; MSN ?w; MTA uwa; NUM w/?w; DRG ?w; KRO ?w; OLR n/?w; LKN a?w

. Artocarpus-'[-pncv-*-baeko-;-lhi-pae, #10) °ba?aba?aloa 'swallow, Collocalia sp.' [PNCV *kabakaba 'swiftlet']: MTP ba?ba?l¡; VRA ba?ba?lu¡; VRS ba?ba?l?; MSN pa?pa?l¡; MTA pa?pa?aloa; NUM ba?ba?l¡; DRG ba?ba?l¡; LKN pa?pa?l¡. (#11) °balago-m w otu 'squirrel²sh, Sargocentron spiniferum' [lit. 'broken (fruits? of) Ficus wassa']: MTP na-mlak-¥? m w ?t; MTA palako-¥? m w ot; DRG blak-¥? m w ?t; OLR palak-¥? m w ?t; LKN palak-¥? m w ?t. (#12) °bala[1] ~ °balati[2] 'take (stones+) with tongs' [PNCV *bala-ti 'wattled structure (#13) °balu 'steal': LHI p¡l; VLW b " l; MTP b " l; VRA b¡l; VRS boel; MSN p¡l; MTA pal; NUM bal; DRG ba?l; KRO b " ? al; OLR pal; LKN pal; MRL b?l. (#14) °baso '²nish; do completely; then; all': HIU pa; LTG pah; VLW bah; MTP bah; MTA paso; NUM bas; DRG bas; KRO bas; OLR pas; LKN pah; MRL bas LTG pe; LHI pe; VLW n?-b?, #15) °batau 'breadfruit, Artocarpus' [PNCV *bata?u; see (#9)]: MTP na-mt " ; MTA patau; NUM bata; DRG bta; MRL b?t?. (#16) °bei 'fresh water' [PNCV *bei]: HIU pe

L. Vra, VRS b?; MSN p?; MTA pei; NUM b?; DRG b?; KRO b?; OLR p?

D. ²sh and . Sp, MTP na-k? p w ?ay; VRA k? p w a?ar; VRS k? p w a?ar; MSN k? p w a?ar; MTA k? p w a?are; DRG k? p w ?ar; LKN k? p w a?ae?. (#23) °b w a[?]u-gu 'my knee' [PNCV *b w au-]: LTG k w º??-k; MTP nu-k? p w u-k; VRS k? p w øü-k; MSN k? p w u?u-k; MTA k? p w au-k

P. *. Drg-¥-/-d?r-; and . Kro-d?r, MTP na-diy; VRA di?r OLR t? ??y; LKN t? ???. (#40) °da[?]o 'do, make': HIU ta; LTG t? a; LHI da; LMG ta; VRA da; VRS da; MSN na?; MTA na; NUM da; DRG daw; KRO daw; OLR t? ?aw; MRL da. (#41) °damu 'yam (generic term)' [PNCV *damu]: LHI d¡¥; LHR n-doem; LMG n-toem; VRA d¡m; VRS doem; MSN n¡m; MTA nam; NUM dam; DRG da?m; KRO d " ? am; OLR t? ??m; LKN t? ?am, VRS

. Conj, from; away; because; lest; than': LTG t? " n; VLW d " n; MTP d " n; LMG d " n; VRA d " n; VRS d " n; MSN n " n; MTA nan; NUM d " n; DRG d?n; KRO d " n; OLR t? ??n; LKN t? ? " n; MRL n " n. (#43) °dau-'leaf': LHI doe-; MTP (n-y " ); MTP (na-y¡); LMG n-tø; VRA d?-; VRS dø-; MSN n¡-; MTA nau-; NUM d¡-; DRG da?-; KRO d " ? a-; OLR t? ?a-; LKN t? ?a-; MRL d?-~ d¡-. (#44) °dau-talise 'Lutjanus gibbus, k.o. snapper' [lit

V. Vra, . ??, . Msn-?-"-;, and . Mta, ?i]da-ru[a] '1st incl dual' [PNCV *kida-rua]: HIU t??? ?; LTG t? or; LHI ?inyo; VLW d?y?; MTP d? ~ d?y?; LMG ?atru; VRA ?idu?; VRS d?r?k; MSN ninr?; MTA nara; DRG da?r; KRO du ~ duru; OLR t? ??r?; LKN w?t? ??; MRL d?r?, #63) °?oari 'root' [PNCV *kawa(ri), POc *kawa?i]: LTG ?ºrºh

. Mtp-n?-??yi-;-lmg-n-?oer-;, . Vra, . Vrs-?-"-ri-;, . Mta, and . Kro-?, ? ar; OLR ?ay; LKN ?i??i? ; MRL ?¡ " r. (#64) °?oro '[adv.] (so as to) surround, cover, obstruct, prevent, protect?' [PNCV *koro]: HIU ?? ??; LTG ??r; LHI ? " y; VLW ?¡y; MTP ?¡y; LMG ?¡r; VRA ??r; VRS ??r; MSN ?¡r; MTA ?oro; NUM ?¡r; DRG ?¡r; KRO ?¡r; OLR w¡y; LKN (tu)w¡? ; MRL ?¡r. (#65) °?unu-gu 'spouse': VLW ?ini-¥

E. #76-)-°lawe-'blenny-²sh and . Sp, VRA law; MSN law; MTA lawe; DRG law; OLR law; LKN law. (#77) °leasi 'change; translate; replace': LTG li? " ; VLW l " h; MTP l " h; VRS li " s; MTA leas; DRG l?s; LKN ?a/l?h. (#78) °liwoa 'big': HIU iw?; LTG lºwo; LHI l¡w¡; VLW ? " /lw¡; MTP liw¡; LMG l¡w¡; VRA luw¡; VRS lüw?; MSN l¡w¡; MTA lwoa; DRG lw¡; KRO luw¡. (#79) °lolo-b w o¥i 'be ignorant; forget' [lit

?. Vlw-l¡lg?-b-w, ?. Mtp-l¡lk?-p-w, ?. Lmg-l?lk?-p-w, and . Mta-lolok?-p-w-o¥, #80) °lolo-marani 'be intelligent; remember, understand, know' [lit. 'mind in daylight']: HIU y?ymº?? en; LTG lolmºr " n; VLW l¡lm " y " n; MTP l¡lm " y " n; VRA l?lmaran; VRS l?l?m " r " n; MSN l¡lm " r " n; MTA lolomaran; DRG ll¡mra?n; LKN l¡lma?r " n; MRL l¡lm " r " n. (#81) °lolo-na 'its inside; his/her mind': HIU y¡-nº; LTG li¡-nº; LHI l¡-n; VLW n-l¡l¡-n

/. Vlw and . Md?, MTP w¡/md?; VRS m?d?; MTA manua; DRG md? 'hungry'; LKN w?/mat? ??. (#86)°ma?arosa[1] ~ °mamarosa[2] ~ °ma?arosina[3] ~ °mamarosa?i[4] 'sad, sorry': HIU ?¡?/mamº?? ?[2]; LTG mº?arhinº[3]; LHI ma?aysen[3]; VLW ma?ays?n[3]; MTP ma?ays?n[3]; LMG ma?arsan[3]; VRA ma?arsin?[3]; VRS mamars " ?[4]; MSN mamars " ?[4]; MTA ma?arosa[1]; NUM ma??r?s[1]; DRG (matn " r¡?); KRO mamr¡s, OLR mamr¡s[2]; LKN mamr¡h

. Vrs, #96) °maraya b w oe 'giant moray, Gymnothorax sp VRA m " ri " k? p w ?; VRS mar? k? p w ?; MTA marea k? p w oe; DRG mr " k? p w ¡; KRO m " r " k? p w ¡; OLR m " r " k? p w ¡; LKN mar " k? p w ¡. (#97) °maremare 'hard, strong; stubborn': LTG mºrmer; VLW maymay; MTP maymay; VRA marmar; MTA maremare; NUM (mmarti?); DRG marmar; KRO marmar; OLR maymay; LKN marmar; MRL m " rm " r. (#98) °marosi 'want, like': LHI ne-myes; VLW n-m?y?s; MTP n " -my?s; LMG m?r?s; VRA m?r?s; VRS mørøs; MSN m?r?s; MTA maros; NUM m?r?s; DRG mr?s; KRO m?r?s; OLR m?r?s; LKN ma?s; MRL m?r?s. (#99) °mata?a(si) 'morning': HIU mºta?º; LTG mºta?º; LHI matap; VLW mtap; MTP l " -mtap; LMG ma¿a?; VRA ma¿a?; MSN mata?; MTA mata?a; OLR mat?as; LKN matpaeh

M. ¥?, #105) °m w agaru '³ying-²sh, Exocetus': LTG ¥ w ºk¡r; VLW n-¥? m w " g " y; MTP na-¥? m w k " y; VRS ¥? m w oekoer; MTA makaru; DRG ¥? m w ka?r; KRO ¥? m w " k " ? ar; OLR ¥? m w ¡kay; MRL ¥ w ¡k¡r. (#106) °m w ai 'sea snake, Laticauda semifasciata': LHI ¥ w ae; MTP n " -¥? m w " ; VRA ¥? m w " ; VRS ¥? m w " ; MSN ¥? m w " ; MTA ¥? m w ai; NUM ¥? m w " ; DRG w¡/¥? m w a; LKN ¥? m w ae, #107) °m w alam w ala 'young unmarried girl' [PNCV *m w ala HIU ¥ w ºyº¥ w ayº; LTG ¥ w ºlº¥ w elº; VLW ¥? m w al¥? m w al; MTP ¥? m w al¥? m w al; oceanic linguistics

D. ¥?-m-w-al¥?-m, KRO ¥? m w al¥? m w al; OLR ¥? m w al¥? m w al; LKN ¥? m w al¥? m w al

L. Mrl-n?-l?-/-¥-w-?r, VRA nanara; VRS nanar; MSN nanar; MTA nanara; DRG nnar; LKN nana?. (#115) °nau '1st sg free pronoun' [PNCV *nau]: HIU n¡kº; LTG n¡kº; LHI n¡; VLW n " ; MTP n¡; LMG n¡; VRA n¡; VRS n¡ ~ na; MSN na; MTA nau; NUM na; DRG na; KRO na; OLR na; LKN na; MRL n¡. (#116) °nigo '2nd sg free pronoun' [PNCV *nigo]: HIU ikº; LTG nikº; LHI nek; VLW n?¥; MTP n?k; LMG nak; VRA nik?; VRS n?k; MSN n?k; MTA niko; NUM n?k; DRG n?k; KRO n?k; OLR n?k; LKN n?k; MRL n " ? ak. (#117) °oraora 'play; game': VRA ¡r¡r¡; VRS ¡r¡r; MSN ¡r¡r; MTA oraora; NUM ¡r¡r; DRG ¡r¡r; KRO ¡r¡r; LKN ¡? ¿ ¡? ; MRL ¡r¡r. (#118) °raga '[v.] lift up; [adv.] up, upward; immediately; (take) away/off?': HIU ?? akº; LTG rakº; LHI yak; VLW ya¥; MTP yak; LMG rak; VRA raka; VRS rak; MSN rak; MTA raka; MRL rak

. Hiu-s?¥-w-º-;-ltg-hº¥-w-º-; and . Lhi, VRA su¥? m w ?; VRS s?¥? m w ; MSN s?¥? m w ; MTA sau¥? m w a; DRG s?¥. (#138) °sili 'darkness': MTP sil; VRS sil; MSN sil; MTA sil; NUM sil; DRG sil; KRO sil; OLR sil; LKN hil; MRL sil. (#139) °siri?i 'waterfall': MTP na-syip; VRS s?ri?; MTA siri?; DRG sri?; OLR siri?; LKN hiri?; MRL siriw. (#140) °somu 'shell money' [PNCV *zomu]: MTP n?-s?m; VRS søm; MSN s?m; MTA som; DRG s?m; OLR s?m; LKN h?m. (#141)°sub w e 'initiation ceremony in graded society' [PNCV *sub w e]: HIU s?k w º; LTG h?k w º; VLW n?-s?¥? m w ; MTP n?-s?k? p w ; VRA suk? p w ?; VRS s?k? p w ; MTA suk? p w e; DRG ?/s?k; KRO ??/s?k; LKN ?a/s?k. (#142) °sura 'entrance of Hell': VLW w?/s?y; MTP w?/s?y; VRS w?r?/s?r; MTA sura; DRG wr?/s?r; KRO w?r?/s?r; OLR w?r?/s?y; LKN w¡r " /h??. (#143) °su?usu?u 'bathe, wash (o.s.)': LTG hºh?; MTP suwsuw; VRA siwsiw; VRS sü?sü?; MSN suwsuw; MTA su?su?; NUM suwsuw; OLR (suwa); LKN (huwae); MRL s?ws?w. (#144) °suwe 'downward; toward northwest': LHI how; VLW h?; MTP h?w; LMG s?w; VRA suw?; VRS s?w; MSN s?w; DRG sw?l; LKN h?w ~ s?w?l; MRL s?w. (#145) °tabia 'wooden dish': LTG tºpiº; MTP na-tb?; LMG n-¿?p?

S. Cuttle²sh and . Sp, MRL t¡kna. (#149) °ta?ere[?ere][1] ~ °tageregere[2] 'swiftlet, Rhipidura fuliginosa' [PNCV *takere r? " r[1]; VRS t???r[1]; MSN t " ? " r[1]; MTA ta?ere[1]; NUM w " tak? " r " ? " r " [1/2]; DRG wtak? " r? " r[1/2]; LKN tak " ?k " ? [2]. (#150) °ta?uru 'behind; afterward' [PNCV *taku?u 'back, behind, after']: HIU ti?? i?; LTG tº??r; MTP ti?iy; VRS tøwür; MSN ?¡r/tuwur; MTA ta?ir ~ tawur; DRG twur ~ tawri; LKN tawu?. (#151) °talu?o 'morning[1]; tomorrow[2]': LHI talow[2]; LHR talow[2]; VLW tal?w[2]; MTP tal?w[2]; LMG ¿al?w[2]; VRA ¿aluw?[2]; VRS t?l?w[2]; MSN tal?w[2]; NUM tal?w[1]; DRG tal?w[2]; OLR tal?w[2]; LKN tal?w[2]; MRL t?l?[1]. (#152) °ta-mara?ai 'old man' [lit. 'quivering person']: LHI tamay?ae; VLW tamay? " ; MTP tamay? " ; VRA ¿amar?a; VRS tamar? " ; MSN tamar? " ; MTA tamara?ai; DRG tmar?a; LKN tama??ae; MRL t " m " r? " . (#153) °tano-i 'place for (s.t.)': HIU t?n?; LTG tºnº; VLW n-t¡n¡; MTP na-tn¡; VRA ¿¡n¡; VRS tønø; MSN t¡n¡; MTA tano; NUM t¡n¡; DRG ta?n " ; OLR t¡n¡; MRL t " n. (#154) °ta¥ita¥i 'goat²sh, Mullidae spp.' [see (#110)]: MTP n?-t?¥t " ¥; VRS t " ¥t " ¥; MTA ta¥ta¥; DRG ta?¥ta?¥; LKN tae¥tae¥. (#155) °tari 'a thousand': LTG t " r; MTP t " y; VRA ¿ " r; VRS tar; MTA tar; DRG ta?r; OLR tar; MRL t " r. (#156) °taru 'cover; bake food in stone oven overnight': HIU t¡?? ; LTG t¡r; VLW t " y; MTP t " y; VRA ¿¡r; VRS toer; MSN t¡r; MTA tar; MRL t?r. (#157) °tasisi 'small bird, prob. Lichmera incana': MTP na-tsis; VRS w?/t?sisis; MTA tasis; NUM tisis identical, suf²cient': LTG tatºrihº; LHI ttares; VLW hayt?y?h; MTP hayt?y?h; LMG ¿aras; VRA ¿iris?; VRS sasar?t; MSN tat?r?s; MTA sasarta; DRG tatr?s LTG tºr; LHI tey; VLW t?y; MTP t?y; MSN t?r; MTA taur, MRL ttar " ? as. (#159) °tauri ~ °tori 'hold in ones hands': HIU (tº?? ¡?)#160) °tauwe1 'conch shell, Charonia tritonis' [PNCV *ta?ui; POc *tapu?i]: LTG tºwº

. Lmg-n-¿oe?-;, /. Vra, . ¿??, . Mta, /. Drg et al., KRO w¡/t¡?; OLR w?/t¡? ; LKN t¡?. (#165)°toma?o 'sweet yam, Dioscorea esculenta': LTG tºme?; LHI t¡ma; MTP n¡-t¡ma?

. Lmg-n-¿ama?, VRA ¿¡ma?; VRS tama?; MSN tama?; MTA toma?o; DRG wa/tma?; OLR w¡/tama? ; LKN tama?. (#166) °tua-gu 'my fellow; me and X': MTP (i/tan)

M. T?t, -k; VRA ¿¡w¡-k; VRS tütüoe-k; MSN tutu¡-k; MTA tutua-k; DRG tuta?-k
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00025581

D. ???-k-;-kro-i and /. ???-k-;-olr-?i??-k-;-lkn-?, ? " -k; MRL i-ff?-k ~ i-? " p. (#186) °?ilo[?]i 'umbrella leaf, Licuala sp.': VLW n-y " /pl¡?; MTA ?(i)lo?; DRG da?-?l?; KRO d " ? a-?l?

. Mtp-ni-pni-;-lmg-n-?in-;, . Vra-²n-?i-;, . Vrs, . Msn-?inti-?i-;-mta-?ini-~-?initi-;, and . Num, LKN ?in¥i; MRL ??ni. (#189) °?uru?uru bila?e 'Plectorhynchus orientalis' [lit. '?(striped like) rail bird']: MTP wuywuy b?la?; VRA wurwur bala?; MTA wurwur pila?e; DRG ?ir?ir bla?; KRO ?¡r?¡r b?la?; OLR wuywuy pila? ; LKN wu?wu? pila?. (#190) °?usi 'hit; kill': HIU wu; LTG wuh; VLW wih; MTP wuh; VRA fus; VRS ?us; MSN ?us; MTA ?us; DRG ?us; KRO ?us

N. Besnier, An autosegmental approach to metathesis in Rotuman, Lingua, vol.73, issue.3, pp.201-224, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0024-3841(87)90008-8

J. Blevins and R. Blust, Towards a theory of drift: Patterns of Austronesian syncope, 2003.

R. Blust, Patterns of sound change in the Austronesian languages In Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology, Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 45, pp.231-67, 1990.

I. Bril, Semantic and functional diversi²cation of reciprocal and middle pre²xes in New Caledonian and other Austronesian languages, Linguistic Typology, vol.9, pp.25-76, 2005.

R. Clark, Languages of North and Central Vanuatu: Groups, chains, clusters and waves, Austronesian linguistics at the 15th Paci²c Science Congress, pp.199-236, 1985.

R. Codrington, The Melanesian languages, 1885.

R. Codrington and J. Palmer, A dictionary of the language of Mota, Sugarloaf Island, Banks Islands, 1896.

I. Dyen, On the History of the Trukese Vowels, Language, vol.25, issue.4, pp.420-456, 1949.
DOI : 10.2307/409871

A. François, Mouvements et clonages de voyelles en motlav, Bulletin de la Soci??t?? de Linguistique de Paris, vol.94, issue.1, pp.437-86, 1999.
DOI : 10.2143/BSL.94.1.2002485

?. Forthcoming, Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation . In Linguistic description and linguistic applications: Studies in memory

W. H. Goodenough, Gradual and Quantum Changes in the History of Chuukese (Trukese) Phonology, Oceanic Linguistics, vol.31, issue.1, pp.93-114, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/3622967

R. G. Gordon and . Jr, Ethnologue: Languages of the world, Dallas: SIL International. [Online version, 2005.

B. F. Grimes, E. Joseph, M. Grimes, C. E. Ross, D. T. Grimes et al., Listing of Austronesian languages, Comparative austronesian dictionary: An introduction to Austronesian studies, pp.121-279, 1995.

J. Guy, On the origins of the Sakao vowel system (New Hebrides), Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol.86, pp.97-103, 1977.

R. Hooper, Proto-Oceanic *qi, Austronesian linguistics at the 15th Paci²c Science Congress, pp.141-98, 1985.

C. Hyslop, The Lolovoli dialect of the North-East Ambae language, Vanuatu, issue.515, 2001.

O. Jespersen, Lehrbuch der Phonetik, 1904.

M. Klamer, Typical Features of Austronesian Languages in Central/Eastern Indonesia, Oceanic Linguistics, vol.41, issue.2, pp.363-83, 2002.
DOI : 10.1353/ol.2002.0007

K. Lee, Kusaiean reference grammar, 1975.

K. Lee and J. W. Wang, Kosraean re³exes of Proto-Oceanic phonemes, Studies in Micronesian linguistics, pp.403-445, 1984.

J. Lynch, Reconstructing Proto-Oceanic Stress, Oceanic Linguistics, vol.39, issue.1, pp.53-82, 2000.
DOI : 10.1353/ol.2000.0007

J. Lynch, M. Ross, and T. Crowley, The Oceanic languages, 2002.

A. Martinet, Économie des Changements Phonétiques. Traité de Phonologie Diachronique, Bibliotheca Romanica, 1955.

J. Mccarthy, Linear order in phonological representation, Linguistic Inquiry, vol.20, pp.71-99, 1989.

F. Ozanne-rivierre, Le iaai, Langue mélanésienne d'Ouvéa (Nouvelle- Calédonie) Phonologie, morphologie, esquisse syntaxique. Langues et cultures du Pacifique, 1976.

. Ozanne-rivierre, J. Françoise, and . Rivierre, Nasalization/oralization: nasal vowel development and consonant shifts in New Caledonian languages, VICAL 1: Oceanic Languages, Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, pp.413-445, 1989.

A. Pawley, Some Problems in Proto-Oceanic Grammar, Oceanic Linguistics, vol.12, issue.1/2, pp.103-88, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/3622854

K. Rehg, Ponapean reference grammar, 1981.

J. Rivierre, La langue de Touho Phonologie et grammmaire du cèmuhî (Nouvelle-Calédonie) LACITO-documents, 1980.

M. Ross, Possessive-like Attribute Constructions in the Oceanic Languages of Northwest Melanesia, Oceanic Linguistics, vol.37, issue.2, pp.234-76, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/3623410

?. W. Byron and . Bender, Proto Oceanic *i, *qi and *-ki In Issues in Austronesian morphology: A focusschrift for, pp.259-78, 2001.

N. Thieberger, Topics in the grammar and documentation of South Efate, an Oceanic language of Central Vanuatu, 2004.

R. L. Trask, A dictionary of phonetics and phonology, 1996.

D. Tryon, New Hebrides languages: An internal classi²cation. No. C-50, 1976.