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. Latour, the chain for processing the various equivalence operations [Desrosieres, 1996] (classification of professions, recoding of open-ended questions, etc.) required to aggregate the responses. On instrument testing and standardisation, see [Blondiaux 14 Which affects the meaning of the answers and also has economic implications for the researcher (who cannot spend too much time on a given questionnaire), for the survey company, etc. 15 The unexpected success of Le Pen in the first round of the 2002 presidential elections proves the existence of a sort of calculation space common to interviewees and actors in the political arena: because opinion poll results regularly predicted that it would be Lionel Jospin and Jacques Chirac who would go through to the second round, a portion of the left-wing electoral base decided to fire a " warning shot " at Lionel Jospin by voting for a more radical candidate [Blais over 6 million questionnaires were completed in France. More than 800 surveys are published every year (which means between 600 and 800,000 people interviewed); one would have to take a census of the consumers of these media to have an idea of the number of people familiar with these polls. On the reasons why interviewees refuse to answer questions, see 17 In the case of self-administered questionnaires, giving answers means physically managing the flow of the questions, physically putting the answers into the boxes, etc. 18 " What is modern fact? Poovey means the tiny piece of information, the little box, the nugget, and the metaphors which spring to mind: something robust, compact, down to earth, neutral, small, the size of an octet, the very opposite of theory, of conjecture, or hypothesis, of generalisation, Facts are ugly ducklings, awkward, disorganised, raw facts " . [Hacking, pp.325-366, 1989.

S. Cicourelmaynard and . Schaeffer, These authors note that at " specific and unpredictable moments, they [the researchers] take their eyes off the screen, move their hands away from the keyboard and move in a relatively lively manner, formulating sentences which do not appear in the scripts and which are not preformed: this sudden movement suggests that they are trying to resolve problems which are taking them away from their work routine, in order to be able to get back to it as quickly as possible, pp.189-205, 1974.

. Kaufmann, The role of opinion is not primarily to affirm a proposition or to make it known, but to express a person's attitude to said proposition, p.268, 2003.

. Kaufmann, 22 So it must not be confused with either " a rational act which pursues the general interest and public good, nor [with] a blind compliance with received opinion, 23 For an illustration of these ideas on public opinion in polls, cf. [Noëlle Neumann, 1984.

Q. Kaufmann and S. , As moral agents, we willingly submit to this type of measure which allows us to self-produce ourselves as " subjects " . This perspective is similar to that of ethnomethodology : " everything takes place as if those who undertake a course of action were placing in overhanging exteriority, as a normative framework (self-subsistent) to which to refer, the very order that they are making sensitive and evident through their conduct, as if they were giving it the power to restrict their practices and were increasing its standing as such, as if they were giving it the status of a moral reference framework, through which to develop reciprocal expectations for behaviour and to understand (in moral terms) the conduct of all concerned. [Kaufmann and Quéré This vital point contradicts the sociology of science's principle of symmetry and differentiates humans from nonhumans In some ways, standard surveys treat humans as scallops and it is perfectly possible ? and interesting ? to describe the quantativist researcher's role in social science as being that of a natural science researcher, as shown by 26 Our emphasis The symmetry of the protagonists is fundamental here; coding cannot be separated from milieu or from shared culture The arguments are removed from the milieux using devices which can be autonomously deployed 29 These arguments revolve around visions of the world, and given the constant conflict, the difference between argumentation and rhetoric no longer appears pertinent. 30 " A public arena is a tangle of theatrical devices, where players with distinct skills give performances aimed at distinct sectors of the audience (?) It can be broken down into a myriad of overlapping stages that give onto wings of varying geometry, where the degrees of publicity are determined by the framing, footing and keying of the players, and where the auditoria change with the performances " . [Cefaï, 2005, p30]. 31 Which more or less supposes the creation of a Habermassian public space [Habermas, 1993]. 32 Here is a brief summary of the controversy: sin the 1990s, several technical studies were carried out on the VHT line project in the Quercy Blanc region, a new project was submitted for consultation. At the end of 2002, following persistent opposition, a local public debate was organised, involving several meetings in various areas of the Lot region and in certain municipalities of the Tarn and Garonne region, so that everybody could hear and discuss different solutions. When the debate was over, RTE (the public organisation in charge of the electricity transport network) announced that it was withdrawing its project to build the VHT line. 33 This is the type of representativeness found in qualitative survey devices. 34 Sample of 1,500 persons aged 18 and over, interviewed over the telephone at the end of 2003 (i.e. several months after local debates had been organised) by the BVA Institute. 35 The generalisation of this recording technique means that a protocol must be agreed with the interviewees. 36 We nevertheless know that in such corpuses argumentation, syntactic and enunciation marks (deictic and anaphoric elements, mechanisms of temporality etc.) tend to disappear in favour of, 38 The question of the standardisation and lemmatisation of this point of view is vital 39 Excellent from the point of view of the theory of standard representation which founds democracy on the expression of the general will (necessarily unified), but dubious in terms of public opinion as it is understood here, p.382, 1964.