C. Arambourg, Vertébrés villafranchiens d'Afrique du Nord. Paris: Fondation Singer-Polignac, p.141, 1979.

H. M. Blainville and . De, Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal, Bulletin des sciences, société philomathique, vol.3, pp.105-124, 1816.

M. Brunet and M. P. , Chad: discovery of a vertebrate fauna close to the Mio-Pliocene boundary, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.205-209, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/02724634.1991.10011420

M. Brunet, A. Beauvilain, Y. Coppens, E. Heintz, A. Moutaye et al., The first australopithecine recovered west of the Rift Valley, 1995.

. Australopithecus-bahrelghazali,-une-nouvelle-espèce-d, Hominidé ancien de la région de Koro Toro (Tchad) Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, IIa, vol.322, pp.907-913

M. Brunet, F. Guy, D. Pilbeam, D. E. Lieberman, A. Likius et al., New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Nature, vol.156, issue.7034, pp.753-755, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1251-8050(01)01529-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00256476

J. Mouchelin, P. Sudre, and . Vignaud, Tchad: découverte d'une faune de Mammifères du Pliocène inférieur. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, pp.153-158, 1998.

C. Zazzo and . Zollikofer, A new Hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa, Nature, vol.418, pp.145-151, 2002.

H. B. Cooke and S. C. Coryndon, Pleistocene Mammals from the Kaiso Formation and other related deposits in Uganda, Fossil Vertebrates of Africa, vol.2, pp.107-224, 1970.

W. O. Dietrich, Ältestquartäre Säugetiere aus der südlichen Serengeti, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Palaeontographica, vol.94, pp.43-133, 1942.

W. O. Dietrich, Fossile Antilopen und Rinder Äquatorialafrikas, Palaeontographica A, vol.99, pp.1-62, 1950.

E. Fara, A. Likius, H. T. Mackaye, P. Vignaud, and M. Brunet, Pliocene large-mammal assemblages from northern Chad: sampling and ecological structure, Naturwissenschaften, vol.26, issue.11, pp.537-541, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00114-005-0041-6

A. W. Gentry, Fossil Bovidae (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa, Annals of the South African Museum, vol.79, pp.213-337, 1980.

A. W. Gentry, The Bovidae of the Omo deposits, Ethiopia, pp.119-191, 1985.

. Howell, Cahiers de Paléontologie, Travaux de paléontologie est-africaine. Les faunes plio-pleistocènes de la basse vallée de l'Omo (Ethiopie). 1. Perissodactyles, Artiodactyles, CNRS

A. W. Gentry, Pliocene Bovidae from Laetoli, Laetoli, a Pliocene site in Northern Tanzania, pp.378-408, 1987.

A. W. Gentry, Fossil Ruminants (Mammalia) from the Manonga Valley, Tanzania, Neogene Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, pp.107-135, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-2683-1_5

A. W. Gentry, A new bovine (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, vol.84, issue.2, pp.41-50, 2006.
DOI : 10.1006/jasc.1994.1072

A. W. Gentry and A. Gentry, Fossil Bovidae (Mammalia) of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Part I, p.28, 1978.

D. Geraads, Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.104, issue.3, pp.193-207, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1992.tb00922.x

D. Geraads, Simatherium shungurense n.sp. un nouveau Bovini (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) du Pliocène terminal de l'Omo (Ethiopie), Annales de Paléontologie, vol.81, pp.87-96, 1995.

D. Geraads and F. Amani, Bovidae (Mammalia) from the uppermost Pliocene of Ahl al Oughlam, Casablanca, Morocco, Pal??ontologische Zeitschrift, vol.27, issue.3, pp.191-205, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02987826

D. Geraads and H. Thomas, Bovidés du Plio-Pléistocène d'Ouganda, Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, pp.383-407, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/10292389409380455

. Zaire, Centre International pour la Formation et les Echanges Géologiques

D. Geraads, M. Brunet, H. T. Mackaye, and P. Vignaud, Pliocene Bovidae (Mammalia) from the Koro Toro Australopithecine sites, Chad, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.335-346, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jhev.1996.0102

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00068080

D. Geraads, C. Blondel, A. Likius, H. T. Mackaye, P. Vignaud et al., New hippotragini (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Toros-Menalla (Chad), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.31, issue.1, pp.231-242, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nature00880

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00265413

J. E. Gray, On the natural arrangment of vertebrose animals, London Medical Repository, vol.15, pp.296-310, 1821.

P. Grubb, REVIEW OF FAMILY-GROUP NAMES OF LIVING BOVIDS, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.82, issue.2, pp.374-388, 2001.
DOI : 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0374:ROFGNO>2.0.CO;2

Y. Haile-selassie, Late Miocene Mammalian fauna from the Middle Awash valley, Ethiopia, p.424, 2001.

J. M. Harris, Family Bovidae Koobi Fora research project, 3: The fossil Ungulates: Geology, fossil Artiodactyls and palaeoenvironments, pp.139-320, 1991.

J. M. Harris, Bovidae from the Lothagam succession, pp.531-558, 2003.

. Harris, Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in Eastern Africa

J. M. Harris, M. Leakey, and T. E. Cerling, Early Pliocene Tetrapod remains from Kanapoi, Lake Turkana Basin, Kenya, Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Early Pliocene site of Kanapoi Contributions in science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 498, pp.39-114, 2003.

T. Knottnerus-meyer, Über das Tränenbein der Huftiere. Vergleichend-anatomischer Beitrag zur Systematik der rezenten Ungulata, Archiv für Naturgeschichte, vol.73, pp.1-152, 1907.

U. Lehmann and H. Thomas, Fossil Bovidae (Mammalia) from the Mio-Pliocene of Sahabi, Libya, Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi, pp.323-335, 1987.

M. Vignaud and . Brunet, Anthracothere dental anatomy reveals a late Miocene Chado- Libyan bioprovince, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.103, pp.8763-8767, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00162938

C. Petrocchi, I Leptobos di Sahabi, Italia, vol.75, pp.1-35, 1956.

M. Pickford, B. Senut, and D. Hadoto, Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Geology. Centre International pour la Formation et les Echanges Géologiques, pp.1-190, 1993.

G. E. Pilgrim, The Fossil Bovidae of India, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, vol.26, pp.1-356, 1939.

A. Retzius and S. N. Lovén, Bericht von Retzius und Lovén über Sundevall Abhandlung, betitelt: Methodische Uebersicht der wiederkäuenden Thiere, Arkiv Skandinavischer Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte, vol.1, pp.440-446, 1845.

. Sundevall, Methodisk Ofversigt af Idislande djuren, Linnes Pecora, Kungliga vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, vol.2, pp.1-330, 1847.

H. Thomas, Les Bovidés du Miocène supérieur des couches de Mpesida et de la Formation de Lukeino, Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican congress of Prehistory, pp.82-91, 1977.

H. Thomas, Les Bovidés miocènes de la formation de Ngorora du Bassin de Baringo (Rift Valley, Kenya), Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, pp.335-410, 1981.

P. Vignaud, P. Duringer, H. T. Mackaye, A. Likius, C. Blondel et al., Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality, Chad, Geology and Palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros Menalla hominid locality, pp.152-155, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/35084058

A. R. Wallace, The geographical distribution of animals, 1876.

. Mariotti, isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate Captions to figures FIGURE 1. A-D: Tchadotragus fanonei; A, distal view of left tibia KB3-97-200; the arrow points to the medially shifted anterior fibular facet; B, KB3-98-146, holotype, lateral view; C-D, KB3- 97-200, lateral and anterior views of frontlet; E-H: Kobus ammolophi, KB3-97-154, holotype, in E, dorsal, F, anterior, G, lateral, and H, occipital views, Chad during the Pliocene using stable, pp.294-309, 2000.

F. 3. and T. Fanonei, lower tooth-row KB3-97-200. B-C: Kobus ammolophi; B, upper tooth-row P2-M3 KB7-97-098; C, lower tooth-row p4-m3 KB7-97-088