A. Salam and E. Fatih, Ethnic Politics in the Sudan, Ethnicity, Conflict and National Integration in the Sudan Khartoum, Institute of African and Asian Studies, pp.29-68, 1989.

A. Ghazi, Emad 1997 Observations sur la langue à travers l'étude d'actes notariés de l'époque mamlouke

A. Manga and E. Amin, Uses of local languages in National Unity Radio -Omdurman (Sudan) Paper presented at the 3rd Conference on Languages in Sudan, pp.5-7, 1995.

A. Manga, Al Amin and Catherine Miller 1992 Language Change and National Integration : Rural Migrants in Khartoum, KUP-Khartoum and Garnet-Readings

P. Baduel, Etat moderne, nationalisme et islamisme, REMM 68-69. Aix-en-Provence : Edisud Baggioni, Langues et Nations en Europe Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Boston: Little Brown and Cie. Benrabah, 1969.

A. Bentahila and E. E. Davies, Convergence and Divergence, Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages, pp.197-210, 1992.
DOI : 10.1075/sibil.1.15ben

. Beshir, Omar 1969 Educational Development in the Sudan, 1898.

S. Björnesjö, Egypte : le témoignage papyrologique, Les langues en Egypte, pp.93-106, 1997.

J. Blau, The Emergence and linguistic background of Judeo-Arabic. A study of the origins of Middle Arabic Ahmed 1995 La langue berbère : maintien et changement. Sociolinguistics in Morocco, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol.112, pp.9-28, 1965.

S. Chaker, Langues et Pouvoir de l'Afrique du Nord à l'Extrème-Orient, 1998.

G. Delanoue, arabe en Egypte 180-1940: histoire et idéologie Langues et Pouvoir de l'Afrique du Nord à l'Extrème-Orient, 41-60, Discours de réforme Entre réforme sociale et mouvement national, Identité et modernisation en Egypte, pp.1882-1962, 1995.

J. Dow, Language and Ethnicity, Focusschrift in Honor of Joshua A. Fishman, 1991.

. Edwards, John 1994 Focus article Ethnolinguistic Pluralism and Its Discontents : A Canadian Study, and Some General Observations. Ethnolinguistic Pluralism and its discontent, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol.110, pp.5-86

J. A. Fishman, 1977 Language and Ethnicity, Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations

. Gorker, Durk 1994 Comment: a malcontent from the village. Ethnolinguistic Pluralism and its discontent, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol.110, pp.105-112

E. Habsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, 1990.

. Hasan, Yousif Fadul 1973 The Arabs and the Sudan, Khartoum : KUP

H. Hassan and . Mohammed, Choix culturels et orientations éducatives en Egypte 1932-1952, Egypte Monde Arabe, vol.1819, pp.17-38, 1994.

. Holt, Mike 1994 Algeria: Language, Nation and State, Suleiman, pp.25-41

S. Hopkins, Studies in the Grammar of Early Arabic Based upon Papiry Datable to Before A.H. 300/A.D. 912, Minorities in the Arab World, 1947.

. Hurreiz, Sayyid 1968 Linguistic Diversity and Language Planning in the Sudan

S. Hurreiz and H. Bell, Directions in Sudanese Linguistics and Folklore. Khartoum, KUP. Hurreiz, Sayyid 1989 Ethnic, Cultural and National Identity in the Sudan anOverview, Hurreiz and Abdel Salam eds, Ethnicity, Conflict and National Integration in the Sudan, pp.69-101, 1975.

. Kazazian, Anne 1997 Les usages linguistiques des Arméniens d'Egypte au XIXe siècle Les langues en Egypte, Egypte Monde Arabe, pp.27-28

N. Mchugh, The making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan (1500-1850), 1994.

N. Michel, Langues et écritures des papiers publics dans l'Egypte ottomane, Les langues en Egypte, pp.157-184, 1997.
DOI : 10.4000/ema.1934

URL : http://ema.revues.org/1934

. Miller, Catherine 1985 Les enjeux de l'arabisation au Sud Soudan, Peuples méditerranéens, vol.33, pp.43-53

I. Langues, Le Soudan contemporain; 87-112, Paris : Karthala. (with H. M. Salih), 1989.

. Mouhssine, Ouafae 1995 Ambivalence du discours sur l'arabisation. Sociolinguistics in Morocco, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol.112, pp.45-61

. Nisan, Mordechai 1991 Minorities in the Middle East. A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

B. G. Nyombe, Survival or Extinction : The Fate of the Local Languages of Southern Sudan Sociolinguistic Issues in Sub Saharan Africa, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol.125, pp.99-130, 1997.

O. Fahey and R. S. , States and Society in Darfur, 1980.

R. Ostle, Literature, Art and National Identity in the Era of Social Reform, Identité et modernisation en Egypte, pp.351-368, 1882.
DOI : 10.4000/books.cedej.1426

A. Roudjia, 1990 Les frères et la mosquée Enquête sur le mouvement islamiste en Algérie

S. Rubenson, The Transition from Coptic to Arabic, Les langues en Egypte, pp.77-92, 1997.

L. S. Sanderson and S. G. Passmore, Education, Religion and Politics in Southern Sudan 1899-1964, 1981.

J. Spaulding, The Heroic Age in Sinnar Michigan State University: African Study Centre. Strauss, Johann 1996 Diglossie dans le domaine ottoman. Evolution et péripétie d'une situation linguistique, Oral et Ecrit dans le monde ottoman. REMM 75-76, pp.221-256, 1985.

. Suleiman, Yasir 1994 Nationalism and the Arabic Language : A Historical Overview, Issues and Perspectives, pp.3-24

Y. Suleiman, Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa, 1996.

A. Thiesse and . Marie, La création des identités nationales. Europe XVIII-XX siècle, 1999.

B. Tibi, Arab Nationalism, A Critical Enquiry Edited and translated by Marion Farouk Sluglett and Peter Sluglett Kees 1997 The Arabic Language, 1981.

P. Wexler, Arabic as a tool for expressing ethnic identity Arabic as a Minority Language Andrzej 1997 Minority Languages in Arab Countries, Language Minorities and Minority Languages, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Minority Languages, pp.65-88, 2000.