, Originating in Central Asia, the Avars spread across Europe in the Early Middle Ages until they were stopped by Charlemagne in the eight century AD
, Torsion war machine or catapult. balteus : Transverse suspension strap passing over the shoulder and carrying the spatha ; it replaced the cingulum from the end of the second century AD
, Dutch site where the bronze helmet which became a type series was found ; Buggenum helmets were developed from the Italian type, and date from the second half of the first century BC ; they feature a button on top and an ogival profile
, Castra Caecilia, Spain): Legionary camp at Estremadura attributed to Caecilius Metellus and dated to between 79 and, p.90, 1984.
, Military sandal with a web of thin straps which cover the foot, combining strength with suppleness; the sole, composed of three layers of thick leather, was hobnailed. cataphractus :Name used from the first century AD onwards to describe an armoured cavalryman of Eastern origin, p.79
, Leather belt covered with metallic decorations, from which hung the gladius in the first and second centuries AD ; it became a badge of office in the fourth century
, Name given in late antiquity to the Oriental cavalrymen who wore heavy armour which protected the horse as well as the rider
, Commune in the Marne area of France where the first example of this bronze type-helmet with a plain undecorated skullcap was discovered in the early 1900's. First thought to be Gallic, it was later attributed to Caesar's forces by who subdivided the type into nine groups, widened the type-name to apply also to helmets derived from the primitive form in the second half of the first century AD, 1975.
, this site 4 km to the south of Hadrian's Wall was occupied from Flavian times (?AD79) to the fifth century. Originally a wood and earth camp used by both infantry and cavalry, it was rebuilt and reoccupied on a 2,5 hectare site several times during the second century after having been destroyed by fire around AD 105. It is particularly known for its deposit of metalwork, a chest buried between AD 122 and AD 138 containing many pieces of segmental armour on which the most accurate reconstructions, Corstopitum, 1986.
, on the Euphrates in Syria, called Europos by its Greek founders, was initially a Seleucid stronghold, then Parthian, and finally a Roman town from 165 BC. It was destroyed again by the Sassanids, AD 256, and never reoccupied. See Syria 63, 1986.
, Typically applied to a site or an object whose name is used to denote a series or class. gaesum :Type of lance used primarily by the Raetii; precise morphology unknown
, That part of Gaul not romanised before the time of Julius Caesar, as opposed to the Provincia, the Gallia Togata or Narbonensis as it became known after the reign of Augustus
, Basic sword of the Roman infantryman, a short weapon during the Principate, though its predecessor, the gladius hispaniensis, could be up to 80 cm in length. Pointed for thrusting, it also had parallel or slightly concave cutting edges, so it could also be used for slashing. Worn on the right side, its scabbard was suspended from four rings fixed to two transverse sliders, a system adopted from the Iberians
, Dept of Bas-Rhin) Museum, actually found at Drusenheim, was chosen as a series-type by P. Couissin in 1926. Bronze, with or without a button on top, these helmets are notable for their frontal reinforcement and a right-angled nape protector ; several variants -about ? 85 ? 40 to date -appeared as these helmets evolved between the end of the reign of Augustus and that of Vespasian
, An area of Westphalia in Germany where two early camps were established during the Augustan period; a 36- hectare marching camp suitable for two legions, then a 20-hectare permanent camp obviously intended for one legion, and occupied for a number of years. The Roman occupation of Haltern took place during the years after the death of Drusus
, Heavily armed (oplon) Greek infantryman -helmet, armour, shinguards, round shield, long pike
, Tactical unit of a legion, comprising two centuries; divided after Marius' time into ten cohorts and commanded by a senior centurion
, Cemetary site from the second Iron Age chosen as the eponym for the type of helmet most popular in Italy from the third to the first centuries BC ; it featured an ogival profile and a button on top : known in England as a 'jockey-cap' or 'knob' helmet and in Germany as a 'Helm mit Scheitelknauf
, extended this type-name, divided into five variants, to include Republican helmets from the first half of the first century AD, 1975.
, Excavated early last century (1905-10) and again in 1947, the fort at Newstead can be shown to have four successive occupation periods. The first, built towards AD 80 under Agricola covered 4. 1 hectares and was succeeded by the second with an area of 5. 7 hectares at the end of the 80's; this latter was violently destroyed towards AD 100 . The third camp was not built until around AD 140, and was shortly, Antonine camp which was abandoned during the third century, 1911.
, Or wild ass, the name given in the late Empire (Ammianus Marcellinus, Hist. XXIII, IV, 1-7) Vegetius, IV, 22) to a torsion stone-throwing war machine with a violent recoil or kick, hence its name
, One of oldest camps in Germany to be excavated, occupied from about 12 BC to 9 BC in connection with the first campaigns of Drusus, Augustus' nephew, who died in the latter year. oxybelus : An alternative name for a catapult which fired wooden-shafted arrows. paragnathide :(buccula) : Helmet cheekpiece
, Greek soldier who carried a pelta, a light shield sometimes ivy leaf shaped or round with a semicircular cut-out in the rim
, A heavy Gaulish lance with a particularly resistant head, according to ancient writers; it may have beem barbed, but its exact form is unknown. umbo :The projecting boss of a shield, generally with a concave inner face to accept a handgrip for its user (manipula)
, A legionary camp established on the left bank of the Rhine, probably around AD 16-17 to accept the legion XIII Gemina after its departure from Augsburg-Oberhausen ; the finds at Vindonissa also do not rule out the possibility of there being an earlier, Augustan, camp on this site at the end of the first century BC. During the period AD 46 to 69 the legion XXI Rapax took the place of the XIII Gemina, accompanied by two cohorts of auxiliaries, one of them cavalry, and this force was in its turn replaced in AD 70 by the legion XI Claudia. Despite having lost its strategic importance after the limes was moved northwards, the camp remained in use until around the middle of the second century, when it was superseded by a simple vicus. The excavation of a rubbish dump used by legionaries from about AD 30 to AD 100, sited outside the north wall, produced a spectacular array of military equipment, including a particularly impressive assortment of organic items in wood
, Site in the outskirts of Mainz where the Roman iron helmet was found which P. Couissin (1926) took as a series-type. Derived from the Celtic late La Tene iron helmet,Weisenau-type helmets are characterised by a well developed, usually sloping, nape protector, apertures for the ears and a frontal reinforcement. The dates of the 40 known examples range from the end of Augustus' reign to the early decades of the second century
, RGK Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission JbRGZM Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums zu Mainz JRMES Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies MEFRA
, Could you please replace references to ancient writers such as Josephus, Tacitus, etc with UK books such as the Penguin Classics' series ? Thanks in advance Sources
, Belles-Lettres; Livre 1 (P. Pédech), Livre Il (P. Pédech Livre VI (CI, 1969.
, Roman Military Equipment (Shire Arch, 1948.
, Militaires romains en Gaule civile (Actes de la table-ronde de mai, 1991.
, Inscriptions on Armor and the Supply of Arms in the Roman Empire, American Journal of Archaeology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.23-40, 1960.
DOI : 10.2307/502417
, Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1905-1912, Munich 1914-1931. Bd. 1, Die Keltiberer and Ihre Kriege mit Rom, Die Stadt Nuniantia Die Lager des Scipio, issue.11 111, 1914.
, Roman Frontier Studies, Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, pp.358-363, 1989.
, Studien über römisch-pannonische Waffenkunde A fragmentary shield cover from Caerleon, Military equipment and the identity of Roman Soldiers. Proceedings of the Fourth Military Equipment Conference (BAR S-394), pp.51-66, 1971.
, In : Antike Helme, Handbuch mit Katalog, pp.327-364, 1988.
, A note on military equipment of Roman officers in the 3rd century A, PETCULESCU Vorgeschichtsbl, vol.56, pp.207-212, 1991.
, In : Studien zur Vor-und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie
, Inscriptions on Armor and the Supply of Arms in the Roman Empire, American Journal of Archaeology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.23-40, 1960.
DOI : 10.2307/502417