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, This text was translated by Lucy Garnier. I am grateful to Milena Jaksic for her participation in the field investigation. I also extend my thanks to Vololona Rabeharisoa for her reading of a previous version of the, vol.13

, However, studies on genetic tests of origin concerning African Americans as descendants of slaves, or people wanting to obtain information in this field, are developing (see in particular Nash, 2007.

, Among the different studies on DNA profiling, see especially M'charek (2000) and Lynch and McNally, 2009.

, On this topic, see in particular Vailly (2006) and Vailly, 2013.

, He therefore always tried to develop theoretical frameworks that were rooted in practice. This is why 'problematisation' refers both to a concept and a historical process, More broadly, it is important to remember that Foucault was both a philosopher and a historian

, The most recent is the ministerial order of August 10, 2015.

A. , 706-54 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure, p.41

, His or her role is to gather all the information that may incriminate or exonerate a person accused of an offence. The public prosecutor supervises the criminal investigations department (police judiciaire). He or she exercises criminal proceedings and has strong links with governmental authority in implementing public prosecution policy. Judges and prosecutors are both 'magistrats'. They follow the same training at the same school

, These markers are a variation of a single base at a specific point of the genome (called Single Nucleotide Polymorphism or SNP)

, These tests are typical of those based on so-called ancestry markers which evaluate origin on the basis of continental categories used as references and of admixtures of sequences considered as coming from different continents, 2008.

, and the same is also true of geneticists themselves (Bamshad et al,. 2004) who highlight the constructed nature of categories of origin. Conversely, other authors argue that many errors are made in oral testimonies during police and legal investigations, 2005.

, Even if, as Ndiaye (2006) adds, only very few studies on this subject are available in France

, For another approach to this topic, see Raman and Tutton (2010) and Lemke and Rödel, 2011.

. Cf, by art. 187-1 and 416 of the French Criminal Code, 1972.

, Dépêche CRIM-PJ n°08-28.H5 tome 4, 2011.

, Law relating to information technology, files, and freedom, pp.78-95

, ) authorized genetic tests in France to extract not geographical origin but 'apparent morphological features' (colour of eyes, skin or hair, etc.), without specifying which markers were to be used, Very recently a new Decision of the Court of Cassation (Decision n°3280, 2014.

, These studies show in particular how geneticists use genetic sequences linked to people's origin in health research, how they challenge (or fail to challenge) the category of 'race' in their practices, how notions of origin are transformed under their influence

. M'charek, In this spirit, certain authors have contextualized the question of genetic origin, 2014.