A. Atherton, Examining Clusters Formation from the ???Bottom-up???: An Analysis of four Cases in the North of England, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol.27, issue.3, pp.21-34, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-11336-1

D. Audretsch and M. Feldman, Knowledge Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production, American Economic Review, vol.86, issue.3, pp.630-640, 1996.

D. Audretsch, Firm profitability, growth, and innovation, Review of Industrial Organization, vol.63, issue.5, pp.579-588, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01026883

C. Autant-bernard, N. Massard, and V. Mangematin, Creation of Biotech SMEs in France, Small Business Economics, vol.26, issue.1/2, pp.173-187, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11187-004-3578-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00424337

H. Bathelt, A. Malmberg, and P. Maskell, Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation, Progress in Human Geography, vol.28, issue.1, pp.31-56, 2004.
DOI : 10.1191/0309132504ph469oa

G. Bell and A. Zaheer, Geography, Networks, and Knowledge Flow, Organization Science, vol.18, issue.6, pp.955-972, 2007.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.1070.0308

R. Boschma, Proximity and Innovation: A Critical Assessment, Regional Studies, vol.39, issue.1, pp.61-74, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/0034340052000320887
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.669.3725

K. Bunker-whittington, J. Owen-smith, and W. Powell, Networks, Propinquity, and Innovation in Knowledge-intensive Industries, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.88, issue.4, pp.90-122, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511814365

P. Cooke, Biotechnology Clusters in the Uk: Lessons from Localisation in the Commercialisation of Science, Small Business Economics, vol.17, issue.1/2, pp.43-59, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011193531172

M. Freel, On Regional Systems of Innovation: Illustrations from the West Midlands, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol.23, issue.2, p.633, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-11336-1

K. Frenken, F. Van-oort, and T. Verburg, Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Economic Growth, Regional Studies, vol.30, issue.5, pp.685-697, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/3146208
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00514645

I. Gordon and P. Mccann, Innovation, agglomeration, and regional development, Journal of Economic Geography, vol.5, issue.5, pp.523-543, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jeg/lbh072
URL : http://joeg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/5/5/523

L. Hakanson, Epistemic Communities and Cluster Dynamics: On the Role of Knowledge in Industrial Dynamics. Regional Studies forthcoming Jaffe AD. 1986. Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D : Evidence from Firms Patents, Profits and Market Values, American Economic Review, vol.76, pp.984-1001, 2005.

J. Klein, Innovative Clusters: Drivers of National Innovation Systems, Management, vol.33, issue.2, pp.239-240, 2003.

D. Lavie, S. Millet, Y. Tee, and D. Kim, Alliance Portfolio Internationalization and Firm Performance Endogenous Versus Exogenous Development: A Comparative Study of Biotechnology Industry Cluster Policies in South Korea and Singapore, Organization Science Lee Y Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol.27, issue.4, pp.612-631, 2008.

V. Mangematin, K. Errabi, and C. Gauthier, Large Players in the Nanogame: Dedicated Nanotech Subsidiairies or Distributed Nanotech Capabilities? Journal of Technology Transfer Forthcoming Markusen A. 1985. Profit Cycles, Oligopoly and Regional Development Social Capital and Knowledge Creation:Diminishing Returns of the Number and Strength of Exchange Relationships, Academy of Management Journal, vol.47, pp.735-746, 2004.

M. Menzel and D. Fornalh, Cluster life cycles--dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol.19, issue.1, pp.205-238, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/icc/dtp036

A. Mogoutov and B. Kahane, Data search strategy for science and technology emergence: A scalable and evolutionary query for nanotechnology tracking, Research Policy, vol.36, issue.6, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2007.02.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00871455

D. Mowery, The U.S. national innovation system: Origins and prospects for change, Research Policy, vol.21, issue.2, p.125, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-7333(92)90037-5

L. Nesta, Knowledge and productivity in the world???s largest manufacturing corporations, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol.67, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.08.006

P. Patel and K. Pavitt, Patterns of Technological Activity : Their Measurement and Interpretation, Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technilogical Change, pp.14-51, 1995.

M. Piore and C. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide Basic Books Hot Spots and Blind Spots: Geographical Clusters of Firms and Innovation, Academy of Management Review, vol.21, issue.4, p.1192, 1984.

D. Robinson, A. Rip, and V. Mangematin, Technological agglomeration and the emergence of clusters and networks in nanotechnology, Research Policy, vol.36, issue.6, pp.871-879, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2007.02.003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00424519

F. Rothaermel and D. Ku, Intercluster Innovation Differentials: The Role of Research Universities, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol.55, issue.1, pp.9-22, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/TEM.2007.912815

A. Saxenian, . Cambridge, P. Ma-shapira, and J. Youtie, Regional Advantages Emergence of Nanodistricts in the United States: Path Dependency or New Opportunities?, Economic Development Quarterly, vol.22, issue.3, pp.187-199, 1994.

K. Smith, C. Collins, and K. Clark, EXISTING KNOWLEDGE, KNOWLEDGE CREATION CAPABILITY, AND THE RATE OF NEW PRODUCT INTRODUCTION IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY FIRMS., Academy of Management Journal, vol.48, issue.2, p.346, 2005.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2005.16928421

M. Storper and A. Venables, Buzz: face-to-face contact and the urban economy, Journal of Economic Geography, vol.4, issue.4, pp.351-370, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/jnlecg/lbh027

C. Stubbart and M. Terry, National Innovation Systems -a Comparative-Analysis -Academy of, Management Review, vol.20, issue.2, p.470, 1995.

S. Tallman and A. Phene, Leveraging Knowledge Across Geographic Boundaries, Organization Science, vol.18, issue.2, pp.252-260, 2007.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.1060.0227
URL : http://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=management-faculty-publications

C. Zeller, Project Teams as Means of Restructuring Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Regional Studies, vol.40, issue.3, pp.275-289, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011182624329

J. Zhang, C. Baden-fuller, and V. Mangematin, Technological knowledge base, R&D organization structure and alliance formation: Evidence from the biopharmaceutical industry, Research Policy, vol.36, issue.4, pp.515-528, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2007.02.015
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00424512

L. Zucker, M. Darby, and A. J. , GEOGRAPHICALLY LOCALIZED KNOWLEDGE: SPILLOVERS OR MARKETS?, Economic Inquiry, vol.12, issue.3, pp.65-86, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1998.tb01696.x