The concept of quantum state : new views on old phenomena
Résumé
Recent developments in the area of the knowledge of quantum systems have led to consider as physical facts statements that appeared formerly to be more related to interpretation, with free options. Of such a nature are the quantum behaviors of individual particles (diffraction, etc.), neutrinos oscillations, distant quantum correlations (local non-separability), Bose-Einstein condensation, cooling isolation of atoms and, recently, decoherence of quantum superposition states interacting with environment, that allows a better understanding of the transition from the quantum domain to the classical-macroscopic one. The debate on the interpretation of quantum mechanics has imperceptibly changed its nature through these developements, giving higher weight to a «physical interpretation» more clearly distinct from the philosophical one than in the old days of quantum mechanics. In particular, the concept of quantum state has undoubtedly acquired a direct physical meaning, in terms of properties of a physical system that is fully represented by a linear superposition of eigenstates, and able to propagate as such in space and time. The price for this new situation is an extension of meaning of the concepts of physical magnitude and physical state towards ones that do not correspond directly with numerical values.
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